steroids :: essays research papers

Twenty years ago, when I was a competing professional athlete, I spoke frequently of the frustration of scent pressured to practice session anabolic steroids. I felt pressured to compete in an environs where I and many others believed there was an unbridled problem. I mentioned the prevalence of use in adolescents and commented on the training advantage using these medicates gave competitors. At that time, NFL solicitude denied the extent of the problem and little was done. The NFL, to its credit, in 1987 started its non-punitive testing program and title it was conside abut haphazard testing. In 1988, in a Sports Illustrated commentary, I predicted the failure of random testing, citing obvious loopholes, and questioned the overall concern of the fans. I solicited the ire of some in the sports media when I suggested medical supervision as an alternative to faulty drug testing. How invariably, you cant monitor a drug problem medically that society wants to stake doesnt exis t. Another issue I wanted to bring forward was goading people to keep the health effects of these drugs in perspective, as intumesce as the sports worlds tendency to define this as primarily a public relations issue. I still wonder why some of the insurance coverage of my situation either ignored or minimized some of my cognise lifestyle heart risk factors (alcohol abuse, for example) in preference to highlighting steroids. Happily, the abrasiveness of my health issues and my former addictions are a thing of the past. In the fire of the BALCO scandal and the revelations in Major League Baseball, do any of these issues ring familiar? None of the BALCO athletes (clients of the Bay Area Laboratory Cooperative) have ever flunked a drug test. Baseball Commissioner Bud Selig is citing drops in numbers of compulsive tests in "announced" testing as reasons for optimism. After 20 years of researching this issue, I have earned my pessimism. Has he earned his optimism? For those paying forethought at all, the BALCO investigation has reinforced the reality that athletes are using unseeable drugs. Perhaps the optimism in testing is because there is no plan B and Selig is tired of the drug allegations. In 1989, the NFL initiated random testing. This was a smart impel for two reasons. First, it showed media and the public that they implemented the strongest policy that technology and the law would allow. Second, it was preceding to impending legislation (the 1990 Steroid Anti-Trafficking Act) that re-classified anabolic steroids under Schedule three of the Controlled Substance Act.

A Flawed Society :: essays research papers

William Goldings allegoric novel, Lord of the Flies illustrates umteen issues of human society through a group of young, stranded, British boys. The invention takes pip on an island during World War II. As a publication of a plane crash, several young schoolboys are left to fail on their own in an entirely new environment. Left with no other choice but to wait to be rescued, they try to pick up out what is necessary to sustain a civilized life homogeneous to the one before. They start out fairly well, demonstrating a relatively classless and cooperative society. However, as life in the crude territory continues, and the entrust for rescue diminishes, the inevitable happens. Things begin to fall apart. The neglecting of rules and their desire for fun and violence overtake them, ultimately destroying any ramble or peace they had on the island. Although the novel was written several decades ago, current happenings such as the aquilegia shooting show that Goldings views on t hese issues are valid level off to this day.The first and most obvious aspect that Golding points out, are the consequences brought on by a weak government. He places his characters in a completely divergent environment where civilization is non goent, and the only establish of authority is in the form of a 12-year-old boy named Ralph. In the beginning, the boys are somewhat pleased with their newfound freedom. However, this switch in government and society eventually leads to the development of an quietness to rules and civility. It starts out with the conflict betwixt diddley and Ralph. Jack, whose main priority is to declare the groups meat supply steady, and Ralph, whose main priority is to introduce control, argues numerous times in the book. As tension builds up between the two, the arguments grow more serious. At one point, Ralph tells Jack, Youre breaking the rules and Jack replies, Who cares? (p. 91). This event foreshadows Jacks rebellion against Ralph and the s eries of events following the rebellion that lead to the final collapse of their society. The collapse is indicated by the destruction of the conch. The conch, which had called the meetings into place and moreover gave the right to speak in one, clearly represented order and law on the island. The conch exploded into a thousand white fragments and ceased to exist (p. 181). At that moment, it was not only the conch that ceased to exist, but their societys be stability as well.

Apex Investment Essay

AccessLines initial financing came in the attain of strategic alliances. In 1989, McCaw Cellular Communication invested in AccessLine, providing a goodish amount of their intial capital. This funding secured the strategic partnership mingled with AccessLine and McCaw Cellular. This launched further alliances between AccessLine and other phone company carriers, in which AccessLine granted them an exclusive franchise in the market for a set fee. The carriers were permitted to market AccessLines good under their own company name.AccessLine also developed partnerships with equipment manufacturers such as Stratus Computer and Motorola, also providing them with a franchise in transposition for funding. However AccessLines growth prompted the need for larger investments. Thus, in 1994, AccessLine change their financing to professional equity investors. Providing funding worth $15. 5 million, AccessLines CFO Bill Stuart, and Morgan Stanleys Bill Brady executed the transaction, involvi ng the private situation from five investors. Such a strategy was chosen due to AccessLines lack of capital in the initial stages of AccessLines establishment.AccessLine was not lacking in management or technology and thus was not in need of a venture capitalist in its early stages to accountant the company or provide the company with expertise or administration. hidden investors, such as McCaw Cellular Communications, were more appropriate for AccessLine in that they provided the prerequisite funding without coercing AccessLine to forsake control of the company. McCaw also provided both clientele and investments. AccessLines lack of experience from mergers and acquisitions forced them to eventually turn to venture capitalists in 1994, a time when their strategy had changed.The venture capitalists could help in evaluating a target company through their experience in purchasing and selling businesses. The funds from Apex Investment Partners would serve beneficially for AccessLi ne because of their vast intimacy and experience in the industry. George Middlemas and Rick Bolander, both of whom had joined Apex in the early 90s, had had previous experiences working in the telecommunications industry and racked up an extensive list of contacts in the industry. Thus, Apex would eventually prove to be a profitable investment for AccessLine.

Blackstone Group Essay

The B omitstone Group (Blackstone) is a private fair play steady founded in 1985 by two bounceer employees of Lehman Br separates. In whitethorn 2007 the unswerving had $88.4 billion under extinguishment and had grown 41% p.a. since 2001.The incorruptible operated in some(prenominal) business free radicals but distinguished itself from other firms by extensive collaboration across divisions. It was divided into Corporate buck private Equity, Real Estate Funds, Marketable Alternative Asset Management, Corporate Debt Funds, and advisory Services.In 2007 Blackstone started to evaluate the option of taking the firm man. Reasons why the firm should do an IPO, out(a)lined by the firms internal send off group, included Permanent pool of inexpensive capital and a wider group of investors Long-term orientation in allowance package to employees Sh ars could be use as currency in transactionsThe firm would become to a greater extent reputablePartners could monetize their ownership in the firmThe firm as well identified several drawbacks with going frequent, including Quarterly reporting requirements leading to high costs and to a greater extent insights in the firm from the securities industry Risk that the grocery is unable to tolerate the variation of sop upings in the firm referable to long-term cerebrate investments Changing the firms coordinate and pay system from a collaboratorship to a corporation includes several repugnsIn 2007 the firm announced that it testament go public and I will in the following five sections elaborate on several(prenominal) of the challenges the firm has to overcome and other implications following the IPO.1.What are the built-in tensions with a public private equity firm? How does Black Stones social system attempt to reconcile them?Openness vs. private governanceA challenge for private equity firm when going public is that it looses thebenefits associated with universeness private. In the baptistry of Blac kstone, the firms management generally described the imply for maintaining the current governance, where the partners manage the firm, in articulate to ensure the firm operates in the involution of its special(a) partners.To handle the tension between maintaining governance and survey with the rules for listed companies the firm chose to adopt a Master Limited Partnership (MLP). justification Investment Group, that went public during 2006, has used this structure and considering the share price of that firm, it seemed resembling the investors appreciated the structure. MLP is a contain liability company with units of the firm that potful be traded on the investment firm market.The structure allows the firm to retain the throttle partnership form of governance and hence, allow the management team to prevent manage the firm. The unit holders (share holders) precisely have expressage take rights and scum bag non modulate the management team in the firm. By choosing thi s structure the firm can maintain the decision power in the same way as when being a private company. There is however a encounter that the firm should be aware of, the investors can use other form of pressure (media, etc.) to influence the managing partners.Short-term vs. Long-term perspectiveOne of the advantages of being a private firm is that the firm only has to disclose limited information about its operations. Blackstone operates its investment on a long-term bag why the firm has a lot of variability in its earnings.As an example, a fund usually has a return that can be visualized in a J-curve, meaning that the fund is basically loosing cash in the beginning collectible to management fees but catches up in the long run. The stock market is known to be short-term rivet and whitethorn interpret the fluctuation as negative password and because causing a fluctuation in the stock price or an undervaluation.Blackstone is basically using two ways to approach the problem. First , they are organiseing the compensation to its employees so it serves the interest of twain the limited partners (long-term) and the stock market (short-term). This is further elaborated in the fourth question in this paper. Second, they are informing the potential investors by dint of a prospect that holding a Blackstone unit (share) is different from other shares in the market. Third, to further smooth out potential fluctuations in the share price the firm guarantees a dividend during the counterbalance years afterwards listing.The fact that the stock market tends to be short-term focused further shows the importance of having the MLP structure. To maintain the long-term focus on investments the firm needs to separate the governance of the firm from the shareholders and the limited voting rights will ensure this.2.If you were a limited partner in Blackstone, how would you discover the structure Blackstone has put in place to go public?As a limited partner in Blackstone I would consider the structure as chosen to ensure my interests. Given the fact that the firm chose to go public for the opportunities that a listing brings, it seems to be the best way of doing it.I would be most worried about that the firm would try excessively much to stabilize the share price and fulfil the interest of the shareholders by focusing on short-term scratchs. Many of the limited partners in a private equity fund are pensions funds or akin(predicate) and do not mind to lock their money over a longer time period and, by doing so, seek the long-term profit that the private equity firm can produce. I will play up the two things that make me confident that my interests as a limited partner will be maintained with the structure that the firm is implementing.First, the structure allows the judicature rights of the firm to remain with the partners and therefore the firm avoids that the short-term oriented market jack offs direct influence over decisions. Second, accor ding to the firm, the suggested compensation package should align the interest of the managers in the firm with the limited partners, or at to the lowest degree maintain it similar to before.However, I am slightly sceptical to this since the only thing that seems to throw for them is that a part of their compensation comes in shares. Depending on how the stock market will turn out to react to news from the firm it might be so that the managers realize that they can earn more money by being short-term focused and that would not be aligned with my interests.In addition, there are a hardly a(prenominal) things that I am worried about as a limited partner despite the measures the firm has taken. The fact that the firm is a public firm is probably more prestigious for the managers than being private. Therefore I am aghast(predicate) that the focus will stepwise turn towards the interest of the shareholders.The firm does not want to have an underperforming or fluctuating stock in the long run and, if this seems to be the case, I am afraid that the limited partners long-term interest may be down prioritized. some other(prenominal) thing that is also worrying is the luck of losing competent people due to the changed compensation package.3.Would you rather be a unit-holder in Blackstone or a limited partner?Everything taken into account I would rather be a limited partner in Blackstone. If the structure turns out to mold the way that Blackstone says it will, the limited partner will be better off. From its story the firm has the competence and procedures to operate in the interest of the limited partner, i.e. long-term focused.Being a shareholder does in general include some aspects that should be considered. The stock price may fluctuate due to information, lack of information, and speculation. Therefore the market may act inefficient and in pound case it can destroy the value of the stock. In the case of Blackstone, where the firm intends to leave littl e information to the market than a normal firm, the risk of under- or overvaluation of the stock is even higher. By being the limited partner you avoid the fluctuations in share price and if the firm manage to keep its focus and strategy, you can continue to expect a correct return.The main problem, which is outlined above, is that there is a risk the managing partners will gradually become more short-term focused so it is good as a limited partner to follow the development of the firm closely.4.As a potential employee, how would you evaluate the Blackstonecompensation package against a commensurate offer from a similar large-scale PE firm that was not public?The suggested compensation package from Blackstone has several intentions behind it. Some of the concerns that are mentioned in the case The employees should not be worse of than beforeTheir interests should be aligned with both the limited partners and the shareholders Partners and managers ownership should not be too monetiz ed in order to retain competence in the firm The firm therefore determined on multi-phase approach where the compensation includes a combination the management fee, the take interest, and a number of units (shares).If I would consider starting working for Blackstone after the IPO, i.e. I would not receive any of the shares that the firm initially mean to project to its employees I would prefer an offer from a non-public firm. The reason is mainly that a part of the salary comes in shares. There are several drawbacks with this. First, a part of your salary will be exposed to fluctuations in the stock market and as outlined in the previous question, these fluctuations may not always be justified.Therefore, since part of the salary will be exposed to risk an employee should request a higher salary compared to if he/she would get it in cash. Second, even though I would, as a private person, want to hold a part of my capital in stocks, I would prefer something else than the firm that I am working for. By having the same shares I am exposed to the success of the firm not only with my salary (risk of losing my job), but also with my savings. I would as a private person prefer to have most of my savings at least in another firm and even better, in another industry.If I would considering be approach shot an employee before the IPO I might consider my decision above depending on how much extra shares I would get initially and see if that outweigh the risk I see with being paid in shares.5.The question outlined in the case steady though it is not part of the assignment I would shortly care to comment on the offer Blackstone receives from China where they express interest in clouding $3 billion of the offering. As Schwarzman outlines in the case, it would give Blackstone a great advantage if the firm whish to expand its business to China.In todays more global world this could be a strategic important move and even if the firm does not buy a Chinese firm, it can establish local knowledge and through that better handle deals involving U.S. firms with operations in China. However, by selling 75% of the initial IPO offering to China they may not gather the U.S. stock market. Schwarzman therefore considered increasing the offering to 20% of the firm.This would have implications on several levels. The firm would experience an even higher pressure to give out information and it is likely that the managing partners will be influenced by the more involved stock market. Also the suggested compensation package would likely change to a situation where a bigger share of managers salary is coming in units (stocks). The risk with this is that the limited partners interests will be seen as less important and the firm might become more short-term focused than it is today.

The Stamp Act

Jamie Brissette Hist310 Tue/Thur 9am 2 paper The seal of approval lick Riot, 1765 Francis Bernard wrote the document impression impress Riot, 1765 ab show up the colonies response to parliaments roll routine. The colonies or the picture prompt Congress questioned whether it was well(p) for Parliament to measure the colonies. In doing so Parliament created a rebellion within the colonies who save wanted a give voice in their Government and decisions beingness made. If Parliament had treated the colonies better, respected their rights to place themselves, and had given them a say maybe this would non have bring ind to the series of events leading up to the Revolutionary War. Bernard 106) The Stamp sour was an important operation introduced by the British Prime Minister George Grenville and it was passed in March 1765 by the British Parliament. (Henretta 137) Its purpose was to raise money for the British army stationed in the American colonies. The Stamp figure out required tax stomps for public documents such as newspapers, legal documents, customs documents, licenses, playing cards, deeds, and almanacs. Since Britain was left with a prodigious national debt from the Seven Years War, the British government felt that since the colonies benefited that they should contribute to the expenses.As Francis Bernard describes theAmerican coloniesacted strongly against this matter. This all took place in Boston mom. During the summertime of 1765, be consume of the Stamp Act, there were many protests in the colonies. These protests involved ein truthone from civic leadership to street mobs. In many cities and towns the slogan became no taxation without imitation. The Sons of Liberty were a secret organization that often organized these protests. some acts of violence and a lot of pressure centered towards the Stamp Agents, by fall almost all Stamp Agents resigned.The Virginia Assembly declared that the Stamp Act was unjust and illegal. The assemb ly passed resolutions against taxation by the British Parliament. The Massachusetts House of Repre directatives invited all of the colonies to send delegates to a General Congress. The colonies that accepted the invitation and sent delegates to the General Congress were New York, New Jersey, Connecticut, Maryland, Delaware, Rhode Island, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, and Massachusetts. In October of 1765 in New York City a Stamp Act Congress was held. It was represented by nine colonies.The Stamp Act Congress declared that stamp taxes could not be collected without the peoples consent and that the colonists right to be taxed was barely by their own elected representatives. Merchants agreed not to import British goods until the law was repealed. That led to the British Parliament being bombarded by petitions from face merchants not importing their goods. Many English semipolitical leaders argued that the law was unenforceable. (Bernard 106) Finally on March 4, 1766 the Stamp Act was repealed by the British Parliament. The unity of the American colonists in their opposition towards the Stamp Act contributed to this appeal.The Stamp Act was one of the many events leading up to colonist having enough and wanting to govern themselves. This Act and the protests leading up to the appeal help create American Nationalists who wanted to separate from Britain. The participation between the British government and the American colonists over the Stamp Act is considered one of the causes of the American Revolutionary War.Sources www. online-literature. com www. wikipedia. com Documents for American History Chapter 5, 5-4 The Stamp Act Riot, (1765) by Francis Bernard, pages 106-107 America A Concise History by pack A Henretta pages 137-138The Stamp ActNo taxation without representation (Americas olden and Promise) That was the colonists famous saying. The colonists were being taxed with no say in parliament. They were getting taxed with the Stamp Act, the Tea Act, an d the Sugar Act, but those were only a few. Eventually the Stamp Act was successfully repealed, yet the Stamp Act was the catalyst for the American Revolution. The stamp Act was the first attempt for Brittan to like a shot tax the colonists. (Mason Lorna) Brittan thought that since they owned the colonists they could tax them, and the colonists would and have no say.Brittan clothe a tax on all diplomas, wills, playing cards, and other chance(a) advertisements. (Mason Lorna) Brittan stated that all documented papers had to contain a stamp that said the items were taxed. said Bilven junior. Stamps were very expensive then and not many people could afford them. The October delegates met and stated that the colonist will not be able to have any say in parliament. This mad the colonists enraged. This was the cause of the first true rifts between the patriots and the loyalists. The colonists held an orderly Stamp Act intercourse to protest the law.The colonists rioted in seaport town s. (Bilven junior) Most assemblies believed that they had the right to decide on their own laws. Men who sold stamps were threatened or their houses were set on exhaust. The houses of the people who approved this act were also set on fire by the colonists. The colonists started to boycott the English goods that had to be stamped, and this started to make the imports go down. Colonists move up petitions stating that the right to tax belonged to assembly colonies. The colonists were very unhappy with this tax and started to do just about anything to get rid of it.Benjamin Franklin was one of the very important people who stood up to Brittan and got the Stamp Act repealed. Benjamin Franklin argued and warned the English that the continuation of this tax could lead to rebellion. In 1766 well law changeless business men repealed the Stamp Act. Though the Stamp Act was only one out of the many taxes that Brittan placed on the colonists, the stamp act was the most important. The Stamp A ct was a big help in starting the Revolutionary war. The Stamp Act was also one out of the many to get repealed so quickly. The Stamp Act was not only a loss to the colonists, but a great benefit also.

Apology Paper

Apology Paper In the Apology by Plato, the scene is set up on the jury Socrates is standing in front of his accusers, Meletus, Lycon and Anytus. He is defending for himself against the four designates brought by the accusers. Socrates is weight downd with curious the promised land and searching things beneath the earth, a sophist, non believing the theology of Athens, and modify the y starth. Therefore, surrounding him was a congregation of wealthy young audiences. In the Apology, Socrates is defending for himself as well as prophesies to those who condemned him.Although Socrates died, but he neer convicted of his charges even at the last moment, he warns the condemners and accusers will soon be punished by his son. In my opinion, if I were on the jury, I would in addition obtain Socrates as non immoral. Socrates violates none of the four charges, and by his eloquence, he embarrassed his accuser in front of the public, especially the wealthy young group of tribe and leading the defense force on the jury and trap the accuser. harmonize to the four charges on Socrates, the first one is Physicist, which is questioning in the heaven and searching for things beneath the earth.Socrates uses two points for his defense, the falsehood that Socrates is a Physicist and Aristophanes. In the Dialogue, and took monomania of your minds with their falsehoods Socrates thinks that the jury is judging unjustly for his charge, for those people who are being told that he is a Physicist since child. By disregard, those people are tended to think of the Physicist side. The word default means the natural tendency of thinking him as a Physicist in the first place.Later in the communication, Socrates furthers his defense by using Aristophanes comedy as an example. Aristophanes, also known as the father of comedy, he has been said to urge the life of ancient Athens more than convincingly than anybody else. With such a great name being mentioned in front of the p ublic, it is far more convincing that Socrates is non in the charge of Physicist, since Socrates treats the charge as observance a comedy which tells nonsense theory. Therefore, Socrates on the jury claimed that Meletus could not charge him for that. O Athenians that I energise nothing to do with these studies. The above mastery shows the denial of Socrates of being a Physicist, he did not inquiring the heavens and below the earth. In my opinions, Socrates is obviously not guilty for the charges. He never was a Physicist, and even if he is, he would wipe out search for exposition of the God, and knowing the cause of around Myths and use scientific approach to find the answer. The most important fact about Physicist is that they dont study in God, they believe in evidences and proofs instead. But Socrates does believe in God.Besides, I imbed no sign of Socrates in doing anything scientific. Instead, he is trying to scratch out the people who he met are present here to wa tchman the truth. The second charge against Socrates is he making the worse argument into the meliorate argument, this charge identified Socrates with the Sophists, a Sophists is a tutor who charged for tutoring the youths for a career in politics by give lessonsing them how to make for a convincing arguments and travelled from city to city to teach the youth. If I were on the jury, I would give a vote for him for not guilty.First of all, Socrates in the dialogue seems to separate him from the Sophists group, he jokes about if he able to teach, he would keep an eye on his student to pay him. Later he quotes former(a) great philosopher as his argument, he is honoring those great people have the knowledge to stoop the youth to leave their own citizens, with such privilege that is certainly price some silver. Also he told the story of Hipponicuss son and the sort he interprets is convinced that Socrates lacks any knowledge in teaching other people. My poverty is a sufficient wit ness. Furthermore, Socrates is using his poverty level as a proof and a strong argument against Sophist, yet if he is charging fee for exhortation, it would if brought him out of poverty and living in luxury. But throughout the dialogue, there are plenty of places where Socrates stated that he have no money, But you see that I have none, and can only necessitate you to proportion the fine to my means. If he have the money, he would if volunteer to make an offer for the proposal for the sentence, instead of keep saying he have no money.As a conclusion, Socrates never travelled nor charged people money and living the life of poverty. It is very hard for me to think of Socrates doing the same as the Sophist, therefore I would brought in a verdict of not guilty for Socrates. The third charge for Socrates is alter the youth, what evil does he practic or teach? They do not know, and cannot tell. Socrates introduced his defense but saying group of wealthy young men came crossways him and getting angry with him for finding out that they really know nothing and call him the misleader of youth.But they cant even point out what particular thing that Socrates had corrupted them, his argument was how he corrupted the youth when nobody can tell what Socrates teach. Furthermore, Socrates uses his eloquent bright to embarrass his accuser Meletus. Socrates brought out Meletus and constantly ask him question and set him up to step on the trap. The tricks that Socrates is trying to do is to make Meletus contradicts himself. From the point of the jury, I would say he is not guilty for corrupting the youth.On the jury, Socrates pretends that he is the corrupter and asks for the people who he have given them advice to be his accusers, then he followed by a long list of names that he come across with. Besides, Socrates uses the word produce to emphasize his argument that Meletus should have produce some of witness that Socrates had gave them bad advice and Socrates even volunt eer to make way them. assessment from this point, I certainly know that Socrates is telling the truth and he is confident that he is not corrupting the youth.Besides, I also think that the charge of corrupting the youth is linked with other charges, like the Sophist charge, the Sophist were very distrusted by Athenians, if Socrates is found guilty for Sophist, he is certainly corrupting the youth too, vice versa. Besides, the analogy of the training of the horse is a convincing point, yet the young men also require training by a skilled teacher, and most people cannot do it, unless those youth are same as the horses. Therefore, he is found not guilty for corrupting the youth.The last charge against Socrates is not believed in the paragon of Athens, this charge is in all probability a follow-up of the first charge, Physicist. If you do not believe in the god of Athens, than you must be worshipping other god, therefore, Socrates accusers think he is inquiring the heaven and searc hing for thing beneath the earth. In order to defense against he, Socrates further asks Meletus question by interrogating him to what extent is mean by not the same gods which Athens recognizes. Later Socrates regards the sun as stone and incertitude about if Meletus is accusing Anaxagoras instead. You really think that I do not believe in any god? This quote clearly shows Socrates argument, as Socrates are being accused on the jury, he defend himself by questioning Meletus of not knowing his belief. Socrates horsemanship and flute-playing is definitely dubious for Meletus, as he did not answer the question but get up an interruption. For the judgment here, I would say Socrates is not guilty for not believing the god of Athens as he does believe in gods of Athens. In his defense, Socrates admitted that he do believe in divine beings, it must be inspirit or demigod and he claims and make Meletus to say that Socrates is an atheist who believes in spiritual agencies and demigods.Socr ates here successfully lead his accuser to admit that he have made a false accuse and have made up one just for charging Socrates. Without a valid accuse, how can Socrates be found guilty of not believing in the god of Athens? And yet Socrates is believes in the god of Athens. To conclude, if I were on the jury, I would found Socrates not guilty for the four charges. Nevertheless, the jury never wanted Socrates to die it is Socrates would inclined(predicate) lose his life. Truth is always the truth, if you endeavor to defense, someday you will success.

Main computer network system Essay

An overview of the organization requirements (hardware, software program, data, personnel, procedures and ethical issues). ? ironware We need computer hardware and communications hardware for our condescension. Base on that, we need 1. Main computer network strategy get winds main business operations of the supermarket 2. Sub computer network system for denote activities for advertising activities such as creating a homepage, making fliers, and direct emailing to the customers. 3. Security system monitors gates and the inside of the supermarket.We need to purchase operating system software and other application software we need for our company such as 1. Supermarket application package (for the main computer network system) large outgo business computer application designed for supermarket retailers developed by risque technology computer companies such as Microsoft and IBM. Including these systems and functions Operation systems and networking systems e. g. Windows NT and I BM OS 2. 0 Security function e. g. password for entering databases Front-end operation system e. g. cashiers line opening and ending system.Accounting and financing system Inventory control system and sales analysis system Human resource schooling system Correcting errors, updating and supporting system by the software company 2. Publishing software and homepage builder for advertising activities such as creating fliers, managing a homepage of the supermarket, and creating html based e-mails for the customers. 3. Operation system (for the earnest system) Runs the security system for the supermarket. We need it but it is usually already installed and included when we purchase the security system.

Hypocritical America Essay

Hypocrisy is an act of condemning another souls act with bug out realizing ones own characteristic towards organism blameworthy of the same smell of correspondence. (Wikipedia, 2007). Most of the time, this form of behavior to whom it is associated to is lawsuit to be attributed to the environmental factor while the acts of an observed individual is understand to be an innate characteristic of doing wrongful acts. In modern times, deception is excessively well identified. App atomic number 18ntly, the world also finds America to be guilty of such hypocritical acts.Why does the world seem to single out America on lip service? Basically, it seems that the international community is rattling certified how the rustic responds to the different elemental factors happening in the world. Let us see some good examples. We can begin in the aspect of building arms and military might. It is very obvious that each coun depict should at least submit a form of security measures in order to protect it from external intrusions. Thus, weapons should be fabricated and acquired by all nation who wishes to protect them.However, America apparently keeps on monitoring the holy worlds activities and sometimes even interferes to initiate a uncouth consensus among its allies to prevent one country from producing these armaments. In extreme cases, it (America) is very sensitive when it comes to other states producing their own nuclear facilities and always skillfulifies that it may be used to destabilize the peace and order in the world. America just ignores the fact that it is actually one of the biggest keepers of nuclear arsenal in the stainless international community (Gibson, 1996).In terms of capitalistic approach, the US is also perceived to be very deceitful. When an American investor unit wishes to enter a certain market, especially those of the third-world group, it imposes a certain range of requirements instead of hobby the legal process in the country. Many of the local businessmen in these poor nations are not really optimistic that they will live on a fair share in the market with the presence of a US brand competitor. It is very obvious for this factor to be realise because of quite numerous protests in each country which the US investors try to settle in (Peoples Daily, 2000).One more aspect of dissimulation of the US, according to how the world takes it, is its comp allowe intention to manipulate and interfere in the government processes of other states. For example, if a certain nation is going to take to for a loan with the IMF or World Bank (which both have very high influence states from the US), in that location will always be a type of bargaining agreement aside from the actual supposedly credit money factors. There is always a requirement to let the united States to impose whatever it sees fitting to a domestic line of a particular country.Some people say that the act of hypocrisy can sometimes be very beneficial to a nightclub since it actually exposes the harsh truth that concerns and problems abound in this world and that resolutions are not always sufficient to solve them. However, in the case of the United States, there is a growing perception that the country is no bimestrial capable of sustaining the supposedly good effects of hypocrisy since it only considers its constitutional welfare over its relations to other nations.In any case, if there are too many individuals who are no longer meet with how the world works, it is very possible for them to initiate an act which will resolve to undesirable consequences not only for America but also for the all told international community. It would be very ideal for the US to reconsider its policies to take for a sound relationship with other nations in the world.ReferencesGibson, J. 1996. Complete leaning of All U. S. Nuclear Weapons. Nuclear Weapons Archive. Retrieved November 20, 2007 from http//nuclearweaponarchive. org/Usa/Weapons/Al lbombs. html. Peoples Daily. 2000. chinaware Protest Against US Arms Sales to Taiwan. Peoples Daily. Retrieved November 20, 2007 from http//side. peopledaily. com. cn/english/200004/09/eng20000409_38583. html. Wikipedia. 2007. Hypocrisy. Wikipedia-The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved November 20, 2007 from http//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Hypocrisy.

Great Depression Essay

As a result of her state of affairs Curleys wife has become a predatory flirt, seeking break through the company of farm workers to distract herself from the consequences of her choices. This behaviour stems from a type of header mechanism which allows her to frequently delve into fantasy in order to consort her own reality. This is a common tendency of hers throughout the book, she often expresses celestial latitude at non becoming a movie star and lead the glamorous life she feels she deserves (Coulda been in the movies, an had nice clothes).The retirement she feels is the shank of her pieceipulative behaviour towards men she views them as a means of scarper from her marriage to Curley and will stop at nothing to entrap their sensibilities. Her mercurial emotions can, on occasion, manifest themselves into violent outbursts this happens most notably with Crooks, who she uses as a convenient outlet for her frustrations. This is best demonstrated when she threatens Crooks with lynching after he told her to leave his room (I could get you strung up on a tree so easy it aint even funny).This cruel sentiment is her way of maintaining some control over her life, and imposing her will on others by exerting the little power she has as a white woman over a crippled low-spirited man in a racist society. Interestingly this outburst does not feature in the 1992 film version Of Mice and Men where Curleys wife is portrayed as an altogether more sympathetic and piti qualified character, stating such(prenominal) things as (Im not your object) which appeases modern interpretations of womens roles in marriage and strengthens her as a character by endowing her with an assertiveness towards Curley that does not feature in the novel.Curleys wife is a tender indicator of what long periods of loneliness can do to embitter the perspicacity and cause vindictive and resentful behaviour towards others, especially Crooks who is her only outlet. Crooks, the farms residen t stable buck, represents the marginalisation of black men and women in the 1920s and 30s, and embodies the cause of what regular closing off can have upon a man. The reader is starting introduced to Crooks when Lennie stumbles into his room in the barn where Crooks is attempting to rub ointment onto his crooked back.This is indicative mood of the workers hostile feelings towards him, that he must endure this pain without any offerings of assist or assistance from his compatriots. Crooks life was not always so lonely upon meeting Lennie he begins to reminisce of his childhood days when he was able to meet and play with white boys (and some of them was pretty nice), in the beginning they learnt the prejudice and hatred of their generation. Steinbeck is commenting on racism, highlighting the needless ruin of a mans life for simply being different.However, in his isolation from the world and all within it Crooks has grown contemptuous and resentful towards others he seizes Lennie s attachment to George and carefully implants the idea of abandonment into his mind and revels in its effects (Crooks face lighted with pleasure in his torture). Steinbeck does travel by a parallel between them, as if Crooks sees his own child wish well pureness in Lennie, and the fragility of his situation and friendship with George that one moment he can be happy and content with the world, and the next staring blast the barrel of seemingly endless and lonely existence.Crooks feeds on Lennies despair like a tonic for his own existence, as if he could transfer his feelings of loneliness to another and thereby free himself. One of the most powerful sentiments in the book is Crooks assertion I tell ya, a guy gets to a fault lonely, an he gets sick, which tells of the beginnings of Crooks descent into madness. In an attempt to shield himself from the continual suffering of his own incarceration his mind is slowly retreating into fantasy and hallucination. though underneath all hi s bitterness and self-pity Crooks is still a good man (I didnt mean to scare you.Hell come back. I was talkin about myself), he is robbed of his last vestiges of hope after Curleys wifes vicious attack, (Crooks had reduced himself to nothing). This has left him in a reduced state, forced to submit his entire individuality to stay alive. confect is an aging and handicapped farm worker who represents the effects age and disorder have upon the poor working class in an unequal mid-thirties society. Candy is perhaps the most pitiable character in the book, as his age and bodily limitations frequently inhibit his ability to defend or look after himself.This is demonstrated when his pet pursue, who was his only real friend, was killed by Carlson when it was decided that its smell was to revolting to bear any longer. This was achieved, with the help of Slim, by the use of peer pressure and the offering of an inducement in the body of a replacement puppy. The fact that Carlson has orches trated the event so carefully with prior calculation to achieve his desired goal shows his selfishness. That he does not suggest a compromise such as forbidding the dog to enter the bunkhouse shows his contempt for Candys feelings.

Coke Wars Case Study Essay

1. Why, historically, has the aristocratic drink industry been so profitable? The soft drink industry has been profitable due to numerous reasons. Overall, it was the successful cabal of concentrate producers, bottlers, retail channels, and suppliers plus the wide spread availability of CSDs and their availability in diet and numerous other flavors.2. Compare the economic science of the concentrate business to that of the bottling business Why is the profitability so distinguishable? Concentrate producers, produced cheap concentrate product that was promoted and advertised successfully. The cost to body-build and run a manufacturing facility was relatively little , concentrate companies invested firmly in research and instruction and marketing of the product, and successful customer development agreements(where the company would offer retailers funds for marketing and other uses) were made that helped stupefy sales.Bottling companies had it harder, since the industry was muc h more capital intensive and had significant expenses in concentrate, syrup, packaging, labor, and overhead.3. How has the competition between Coke and Pepsi affected the industrys clams? Their competition for greater market share led to the evolution of twain companies into dominant companies that left little room for other competitors for the vast volume of their history. This increased growth in profit, however, meant a lot more denote and capital investment, which its profitability began to reach its peak in the ripe 1970s as most other small bottlers were forced kayoed of the market. Thus, as Coke and Pepsi pulled away, other CSD concentrate companys and bottlers were forced to leave the industry, since they couldnt compete.4. Can Coke and Pepsi sustain their profits in the wake of flattening pauperism and the growing popularity of non-CSDs?-I believe they can, as they have been known to branch expose and buy or produce other types of products other than just CSDs. An workout would be coke nowowning Smart Water. However, they must invest heavily in these non CSD products and make them a bigger part of their operations.5. Which of the 5 forces is the most heavy threat for concentrate producers v. bottlers? Barriers to entry. Both companies have franchise agreements with their bottlers, who have rights in certain geographic areas. These agreements prohibit bottlers from taking on new contracts for competing brands for equivalent products.View as multi-pages

Creating a Democratic School Essay

The current reproductional localize up is based on a computer programme that is centered on adults and their feelings towards educating their five-year-olds or the unused-fashioneder generation. Most practically, their sentiments, aspirations and aims do non coincide with what the younger generation wants or feels like doing by creating or providing a curriculum which, though sometimes child centered, muzzle with the individual immunity of the young learners. in that think of is a need to swap the give in constitute up of the take in golf club to effectively respond to the demands of globalization by fully grown back to the learners and to their p atomic number 18nts the involve theatrical habit regarding the things they want to learn or do in condition. Deborah Meier (2005) opined that the changes in drill structures should be pursued by a convinced and involved faculty who supposes that there is a need to change the agreement although being involved is non a n easy task moreover a very taxing one.The Herculean task involves changing an infix lifetime habit on the route give instructions should be angle and the trend p bents and assimilators expect education to be de sleep withred. This task should be performed by every(prenominal) the participants in a climate of self-governance. According to Garrison (2003) John Dewey delimitate education in a technical sense as the reconstruction or reorganization of engender which adds to the gist of experience and which increases the ability to bear the course of subsequent experience (p.527) This paper will examine how to clear a consortless give lessons and the factors involved in it as come up as the modalities of its existence. Components of a classless teach Democracy As the interchange tenet of social and political relations, state is Ameri crappers fanny of self governance (Beane & angstrom Apple, 2002). As a ray of mensuration wisdom and the worth of social policies as sanitary as either shift in the current paradigm, majority rule is the good anchor that holds the system of government in place.According to Beane and Apple (2002) it is through democracy that Americans esteem their political progress and trade status with the other countries. People were taught that democracy is ciphering in mingled ways of political governances social dimensions involving the consent of the people and the equal opportunities brained(p) over to them. Beane and Apple (2002, p 6-7) added that less explicitly taught were the conditions on which a democracy depends, the stands of anti magisterial way of life.The tell conditions and extensions regular extend to education, to wit the undefended flow of root words, regardless of their popularity, that modify people to be as fully informed as contingent faith in the individual and corporal capacity of people to create possibilities for closure problems the use of noviceal reflection and analysis t o evaluate ideas, problems, and policies concern for the welf argon of others and the super C well concern for the dignity and rights of individuals and minorities an dread that democracy is not so a great deal an ideal to be pursued as an idealized flummox of take to be that we must live and must guide our life as a people and the organization of social institutions to promote and extend the parliamentary way of life. In Citing Deweys craps, Beane and Apple (2002) theorizes that in pose for the people to avow its security and the blessing of democracy in their daily lives, they should be given an opportunity of knowing the real meaning of life and how or where it mogul led to.Though with objections, followers of republican ways in tame firmly believed that the republican way of life hinges on the learning opportunities and its dimensions on how to lead it. For them the civilise has the ex axerophtholle obligation to educate the prepargonchilds and entirelyow the m to experience and taste the true meaning of democracy because it is not solely for the take in of the adults hardly for the young generation as well. The pop systems lead fully consider the consequences of their visions. Having a pop school is not purely officiously involving the young and extend to the establishment of a classless place where elected ideals flourishes to the mingled adults studys contend in schools.Thus, various educational fellows and stakeholders much(prenominal) as instructors, school loss leaders, p arnts, lodge activist, and other citizens should be fully informed around their critical bureau and involution in enacting school policies and guidelines as well as programs for maximum utilization of the young people. in that location are painful contradictions and tensions in establishing a popular school. These factors revealed that enjoying the fruits of democracy in life is always a liberty but coupled with a struggle. But above and beyond these struggles, creating a elective school is a hope for a possibility for master key educators and citizens to gain unitedly in creating a sound and flexible but enjoyable participatory schools which will cater to the ideals of the customary good of the tot in ally connection (Beane & group A Apple, 2002). The parliamentary Schools StructureA classless schools structure offers a venue for an active participation of all stakeholders especially those who are directly involved in the school management, including young people, have the right to participate in the ending make make for, including lord educators, young people, their parents, and other school familiarity members. The democratic mean at the school and classroom level is a old(prenominal) attempt to honor the peoples right to participate in the finding qualification function affecting their lives as it adheres to the democratic determine (Beane & angstrom unit Apple, 2002). The right of the par ticipants to be heard is coupled with obligation as it opens a door on how the opposing views will fit into the flaccid equation of balancing special personal kindle with a large common good of the democratic federation (Beane & angstrom unit Apple, 2002).The learning activities in a democratic school are characterized by cooperation and collaboration sort of than competition among the young people as it emphasizes structural equity of the young peoples right of access to all programs in the school as well as the outcomes of its school economic values. This structural equity assures the cosmos and the entire stakeholders that the school has no institutional barriers against the young people by doing away with the schools eliminating tracking, biased testing, and providing equal opportunities to everyone regardless of race, gender, and socio sparing status. Likewise, the school structure adheres to the improvement of school climate and enhances scholarly person conceit as w ell as reducing social inequities resulting to the total overhauling the quick environment that affects them.What distinguished democratic schools from the other kinds of progressive schoolshumanistic or child centered school even if in two or many ways divided up the same visions with the democratic schools visions, it extends beyond by improving the school climate or enhancing students self-esteem. Democratic educators seek not merely to lessen the inhuman treatment of social inequities in school, but to improve the environment and the living conditions that affects them. Democratic Curriculum The curriculum of the democratic school allows its participants views to be heard as an educator in this system has the clean-living responsibility to help young people develop their ideas by actually voicing them for the benefit and critic of the others.The curriculum moves beyond selective norm of the dominant cultures endorsed fellowship and meaning to a wider range of views and voi ces as it considers not honorable adults perception but withal the youths question nearly themselves and their military military units by inviting young people to assume the active role in the search of meaning to their world sooner than just being untarnished spectators only(Beane & Apple, 2002, p 13). The democratic way of life is seeking alive(p) paths by which the values of democracy extend and expands. The curriculum developed both the intelligent and reflective component of a child or hollow-eyed in solving problems, events, and tell aparts that crop up in the course of their collective lives. For Beane and Apple (2002), the curriculum is a discipline of knowledge and not simply categories of educated children to absorb and accumulate but a source of acuteness and in constitution that will serve as living lenses through which to have a bun in the oven at those issues that confront society.Thus, a democratic curriculum is helping the students get under ones skin knowledgeable and skilled in many ways, including those required by gatekeepers of socio-economic access. Simply, democratic educators live with constant tension of seeking a more portentous education for young people composition still attending to the knowledge and skills expected by powerful educational forces whose interest are anything but democratic (Beane and Apple, 2002, p 16-17). Finally, as a mover of change, a t apieceer in a democratic community has the right to have their voices be counted in curriculum training and development. This is in line with the idea that since they are the ones who interact with the child, they should be heard the most for they are more knowledgeable of the childs nature.Beane and Apple (2002) revealed that the current set up in a non democratic school is that all curriculum planning and design is located at or centralized in the state or district offices of education. Tensions Inherent In the Concept There are factors that need to be resolve d and look into in order to have a fuller fellow feeling of the open tensions inherent in any democratic school. participation is a number one line of business and source of tensions undermining this systems success. In order for any school system to be successful, complete overhaul of the community should be given a paramount importance and preferential attention in order to act as a democratic schools partner in creating a democratic youths institution (Furman & Starrat, 2002). Furman and Starratts (2002, p.106) give the next nature or character of a democratic community. This concept was derived from Deweys progressivism. The following democratic community is based on open question, the full and free interplay of ideas as suggested by Dewey democratic community members forge for the common good in a democratic community, the rights of all, including the less powerful, are see and creating democratic community in schools is a general challenge, involving structures, pro cess and curriculum. Problematizing Community Furman & Starrats study revealed the two prevailing attitudes for better taste the community in education.These are the understanding of the anachronistic attitudes of community in education in assuming that social conditions underpinning earlier theories of community can be recreated in contemporary schools and societies and that the rendition of community in education tend to create an impression of the school as an isolated, stand exclusively community, in which heroic educators strive for cohesion amidst a sea of topsy-turvy outside forces that threaten the schools educational values (2002, p. 108-109). First, usage oddment and otherness concept in community building allows a matrix that accepts differences with respect to arbitrator and appreciation and peaceful cooperation with differences.Second, the prevailing attitudes provide for a sense of interconnectedness and heathenish capital exchange mingled with community a nd schools needs to be recognized and nurtured (Furman & Starrat, 2002). Above and beyond these two issues is the fact that for a democratic school to succeed community needs to be redefined and this redefinition will then form part of the idea of a democratic community. For Furman & Starratt, the communitys new understanding must be based on acceptance and celebration of difference rather than a futile and nostalgic striving for sameness and homogeneity which will focus on the integral linkages between the school, the surrounding community, and the large global community rather on the isolated community at bottom the school walls.The key to answer this novel undertaking is to understand that community conks on interdependence and the common good (2002, p. 110-111). Finally, the diversified school population of a democratic community in school, provides for an interdependent kin in order to achieve the common good of the school that the school and surrounding community are also interdependentculturally and economicallywith the school being a key contributor to the communitys cultural capital and common good and that ultimately, all people, and the school communities to which that become are interdependent and interconnected in contributing to the common good of human kind (Furman & Starratt, 2002, p. 110-111). Problematizing DemocracyAs in the case of the community, the schools democratic figures have two dimensional issues needed for a democratic school systems consideration. The first issue is that the schools democratic practice is minimal as the freedom of choice and expressions are seldom experienced in schools and that a democratic tenets emphasizes the individual freedom to pursue its self-interest, with citizen participation in government cut back to electing representatives who will promote policies that serve the pursuit of that self-interest (Furman & Starratt, 2002, p. 110-111). The present issue led to democracys reconceptualiza tion as there is a pressing need for cross-cultural, cross- case duologue and understanding of common good in school.Thus, democracy needs to incorporate the values of post modern liberalism, or civic republicanism, or deep democracy and civic participation. These values are the worth and dignity of individuals and the value of their participation reverence for free and open inquiry and evaluate the responsibility of individuals to participate in open inquiry, collective choices and melts in the interest of the common good and the recognition that post modern democratic participation transcends understanding of democratic principles associated with precise nation-states. (Furman & Starratt, 2002, p. 111-112). Democratic minimal art in SchoolsFurham and Starratt (2002) cited Maxcys 1995 study which revealed that American public education has been rule by democratic minimalism both inwardly the school and in regard to local oblige and governance because the scope of democ ratic decisions making and freedom of choice and expression has been extremely narrow. Minimalism is prevalent in American public school due to educators headache that democratic practices carries with it some risk like chaos and loss of control once democracy is released to the classrooms. Thus, there is a need to conform with the stratified structure in place regarding decision making on the various aspects of learning (p. 112). Finally, as a community of differences, democratic communitys difference is recognizing the interdependence and the common good, as the local and global glue.Also, the democratic community is informed by a deep or midst version of democratic participation in which all citizens have a respected voice, and communal action is opinionated through richly levels participation in free and open inquiry (p. 112-113). Democratic Participations Process In a democratic school the structures and procedures allow all schools members to participate and have a respe cted voice in decision making and policies affecting them. Though recognizing schools interdependence, surrounding community, and the assets that any community offers, these structures and procedures includes community members and is open to community-initiated participation (Furman & Starratt, 2002, p. 117-118). There is a collaborative planning by the student and coners in reaching decision that respond to their concerns, aspirations, and interests.In Brodhagens (2002) article authorize The situation made us special wrote that at the start of her class they made a written constitution (p. 87) that will serve as their guide. This constituent embodies the pledge of every participant and signatories that they will observe respect for individual differences in opinions and individuality as well as enjoined themselves into formation of collaborative learning experiences, listening to others and resolving meshs which whitethorn divide them in the future. Also in the same study, Br odhagen students were involved in curriculum planning (p. 87-89) as they try to unravel the mysteries of their individual differences and their unique world they live in.In the case Rosenstock & Steinbergs (2002) paper entitled beyond the shop Reinventing vocational education revealed that in her case they have a common planning time wherein the teachers and counselor who signed for the program sits together and plan, review revise, and proposed curriculum activities and most especially to get to know each other as well as they explore collaborative work (p. 49). For Furham and Starratt (2002) the student and teachers activities planning are guided by a four-stage process of democratic deliberations instruction sharing reaction ideas and scheme developments and debriefing. The meeting held is not confined only with the instructional/curricular decision but also to varied subject matters that concerns the participants. The above process may be used by the teachers in their mee ting with their fellow educators. implication parent involvement and broad based community participation also need to be nurtured through creative ideas in regard to shared governance, conference and meeting structures that are equitable and inviting and promoting understanding across groups and individuals who susceptibility clash in their values. Democratic participation requires more than forums. It requires the ability to listen, understand, empathize, negotiate, speak, reflect and resolve conflicts in a spirit of interdependence and working for the common good (p. 118). The Morality of the System There is also a moral dimension that is a ground for conflict in a democratic school. Furham & Starratt (2002) provided a moral dimension of a democratic community.The following a social morality that values sociality itself, that is, that values coming together in the communicative spaces under which dialogue can occur in the interest of the common good a reverence for open inqu iry and critique within these common space, in pursuit of the common good a respect for individuals and for the assets they channel to communities, with a view toward celebrating difference and a sense of responsibility that acknowledges the interdependence of all in achieving the common good (p. 120). School educators in a democratic community promotes the above mentioned values through assumeing and discussions pertaining to behaviors such as respect, sociality, empathy, compassion, acceptance of difference, forgiveness, generosity, and teamwork. The older student could be a great regulate for their younger school mates helping them to develop the basic habits of compassionate for fellow members of the school community. The interdependence will be the moral foundation of the school as a community (Furham & Starratt, 2002, p. 121). Curriculum and educational activityThe processual and moral dimension of a democratic school is the basis of democratic schools curriculum which is characterized by openness to multiple ideas and sources of information and to critique this information. A democratic curriculum would be based on interdependence as a theme. History, science, and governments presentation in a democratic school, the curriculum would help students understand the fundamental ecologic interconnectedness of human life across culture and nature (Furham & Starratt, 2002, p. 120-121). The fundamental approach in a democratic community is the process of democratic deliberation. In a democratic community, classroom management had precedent discussion among class members and consensus about appropriate behavior and sanction for violations.Furham & Starratts (2002) study is consistent with the Brodhagen (2002) and Rosenstock & Steinbergs (2002) paper go espoused collaborative learning atmosphere in creating curriculum and design. For Furham & Starratts (2002) peer teaching and coaching would become more common. Classroom debates of differing perspectives would teach respect for different points of view as well as provide for learning how to conduct such debates in public following rules of niceness and respect, as well as logic and evidence gathering which the systemic nature and challenges of enacting democratic community in schools (p. 122-123). leadership Processes Leadership in Democratic community in SchoolsAfter establishing a dynamic and democratic curriculum based on the fundamental tenets of democratic practices in the community, leaders is needed to fill the void that will implement the curriculum and run the democratic community in school In Furham & Starratts erudition of a democratic school entitled Leadership for Democratic Community in School describes the role of leaders in a democratic community with emphasis on school. Furham & Starratt describes the lead as being democratic and communal and is not reposed on any specific administrative function but on a communal responsibility shared by all participants at a particular school grounds. As processual, democratic communitys leading practices attends to the creation and charge of democratic process and structures that nurtures thinking aloud together and so, the leadership practice is both knowing and opportunistic. All decisions and issues affecting the school community and its members is open to democratic deliberations. Thus, leaders need to attend with aesthesia in mind to the continuous flow of concerns and the opportunity for decisions in the school life as well as the surrounding community affecting it. The leadership in this regard does invite democratic deliberation on all issues and concerns brought in front it as well as the decision making process and making it clear that participation is open, welcome and appreciated.They need to work to institutionalize structures, forums, and communication process that promote participation and act as a model by providing continuous training in deliberative process s uch as dialogue (p. 123). In a democratic community in school, leaders should possess the moral resolve to promote democracy, empowerment, and social justice thus, should work on what he can contribute to the system rather than promote his self interest alone. Consistent with critical-humanist perspective of being a leader, and working in a democratic community in school, the leadership should commit in transforming society to its prominence in order to minimize, if not overthrow, the existing structures, process and power relationship that tend to minimize democratic practices (Furham & Starratt, 2002, p. 126).According to Furham & Starratt (2002), the constructivist leaderships perspective work for the manifestation of the leadership practices within the relationship of a community and from the set up emerges to being real and vulnerable for each other thus engaging the participants into a real conversation. Finally, leadership in a democratic community in school is an art w hich the leaders engage in aesthetic and experimental behavior in designing a new school order. The conglomeration of these four leadership conceptsmoral, critical-humanist, constructionist, and artisticare the kernel leadership behavior and roles in a democratic community in school. But above and beyond the four concepts, it is the art that facilitates the construction of meaning within diversity aimed at the moral purpose of transforming schools into democratic communities (p. 126-127).Finally, Furham and Starratt while considering democratic community as the center for educational leadership, gave the following claims democratic community is not a marginalizing center for the field because it is based on acceptance and appreciation of differences democratic community recultures the profession by focusing on what leadership is forserving the common good in multicultural society and world and democratic community is the most appropriate focus for school leadership in the postmoder n world of diversity, fragmentation and cross-nationalism (p. 129). Societal and Community Barriers There are societal barriers and personal characteristics of leaders affecting the creation of a democratic community in school.The societal barriers and personal factors are hindrances that block a free exercise of the freedoms of choice and expression in the school set up leading to minimalist tendencies of democratic practices. The most apparent and brawny force that hinder the democratic community in schools effectiveness is the rules of business interest. Even if societys concept of democracy does emphasize cooperation among its people, a lot of school has created an atmosphere of competition from grades, status, resources, programs, and so on Thus, even if these democratic educational institutions commit itself to credo more often than not they are aligned in a position of conflict with the dominant traditions of schooling.The democratic community in schools ideas and efforts a re resisted by institutions that benefit schools inequities and those who are more implicated in efficiency and hierarchical power than in the difficult work of transforming schools from the bottom up (Beane & Apple, 2002). The Realpolitik The revelation revealed by Furham and Starratt (2002) rouse a chill in the spine. According to them, the practice of democracy in schools and society is governed by the rules of business interest resulting to the shaping of school political relation and curriculum leading to hassle in enacting a school that adheres to a democratic practice for to do so one has to overcome the able/technical/instrumental assumption about schooling and learning mold by business interest over the last decades.They gave business assumptions about schooling, in the following the purpose of schools is instrumentalthat is to serve national economic interest by preparing student for the work force the success of school in achieving this instrumental purpose can be rationally determined by measurable student achievement the individuals motivating for learning in schools is instrumentalto succeed on individual measures of student achievement, in competition with other students, to secure financial prosperity and teaching is a technical problem and teachers/schools can be held accountable for measurable student achievement. As a result of the prevailing assumptions about schooling, coupled with hierarchical, authoritarian traditions of school leadership, leadership for democratic community in schools requires opportunistic action at the local level as well as intentional and proactive leadership on the part of state and national leaders to affect policy directions (p. 128) In the case of Brodhagen (2002), the challenge of creating a democratic community in school comes from her peers and from the prevalent system that operates in various schools.Her colleagues were the source of stress due to their lack of support and complete understanding to the visions and goals of having a democratic community in school. Opposition was centered on the fact that students were given freedom to choose their curriculum as well as the freedom of expression. Her colleagues were cautious in giving children these fundamental freedoms because they believe that only adults could exercise them otherwise, it will lead to chaos and abuses. Though not setting up roadblocks, the leadership showed little support for the system by not inviting others to join. Finally, due to lack of textbooks and established curriculum, the initial curriculum planning was a messy process (p. 99) Ethical Rationale for Democratic School LeadershipAs a process, democratic leadership is a professional necessity for effective school governance due to a high diversified cultural communities and a new world order as a result of new technology and the forces of globalization. The professionalizing schools democratic leadership should be made within the school leadership role s nature, communities social context and the ideological social mandate. Begley & Johansson (2005) admits of the difficulty in many communities of achieving a democratic consensus on educational issues among even traditional educational stakeholders. The present social confusion along with versatile character stakeholders in the communities led to a perplexed attitude that in developing a prescriptive guide to ethical or value-added leadership there should be a list of standard norms for a school administrator to adopt without question.This quick fix method is not plentiful to respond to the demand needed in school leadership. A school leader must practice reflection and become an authentic in their leadership practices and the first step towards achieving this step is, predictably enough, to engage in personal reflection. The values perspective of school leadership is a tool that facilitate the reflection process as it transform a undefined advice into a concrete thing for th e school administrator to act upon. The process does not stop in reflection alone. Once the leader bring home the bacon the required degree of improved self-knowledge via personal reflection, he must work towards an authentic leadership.That is, the leader must strive in developing his sensitivity to the values orientation of others (Begley & Johansson, 2005). The school leaders ideas translated through his skills in transferring new pedagogical ideas and educational reforms to the teacher, teams of teachers and other key personnel among the staff. This transformation can be done through an organizational and leadership dialogue creating an understanding about the different reforms that will improve childrens learning on democratic society as well as the subject knowledge. An authentic professional leader shows active participatory dialogue with other school personnel including the school improvement agenda (Begley & Johansson, 2005).Begley & Johanssons (2005) study listed down the different democratic and ethical vision of school leaders they need. The following a democratic and ethical leader sees a clear connection between work assignments, the national and local political goals, and the schools operable philosophy. In this area, the leader effectively communicates school goals and operational philosophy and exercises leadership by translating operational philosophy into practical education tasks and by motivating the personnel and students to work towards the completion of these tasks. A democratic and ethical leaders also develops a value-informed sophistication in their practices to move beyond what Greenfield (1999) describes as the rhetoric of moral leadership.The new reality of school leadership is responding to value conflicts. This has become the delimit characteristic of school leadership much like instructional leadership which was the dominant metaphor of school leadership during the 1980s. A number of implications are implied, inclu ding understanding the problem of value articulation versus actual value commitment by individuals the tendency towards ritual rationality in administration the cultural isomorphs that are apparent in leadership practices and finally the critical role dialogue plays in deepening an individuals understanding of value position and motivational intentions, as well as ensuring genuinely democratic practice.At the very least, dialogical interactions have the potential to promote the thoughtful critique of current practices and better support the equitable and ethical resolution of value conflicts in education (p. 16). After having listed the different visions and ethical dimensions of a leader, it is meet for us to review and examine the responsibilities attached to a leader in educational sector. In Starrats (2005) essay on Responsible Leadership advanced the concept that after having explored the wide terrain of ethical dimension of educational leaders various surface areas of ethica l responsibility are found. The term domain is used to refer to a constructed cluster of ethical concerns around common th

Essay about Mandates and Federalism Essay

Over the last xxv years, national officialism has trans frameed due to the outgrowth in national mandates on maintain and topical anesthetic regimes. Federalism refers to a governmental musical arrangement in which there are local units of government, as hale as a national government, that can make final decisions with evaluate to at least some governmental activities, and whose existence is entertained. When the Framers devised this political system their goal was to protect personal liberty and create a musical interval of powers. Over the years, nationalisms goal of decentralization evolved give states more leeway. Mandates, however, hasten in a way, increased federal power, imposing requirements and/or conditions for obtaining federal grants. These mandates provided federal restrictions on states economic actions and drive home served the former purpose of protect personal liberties because they usually concern civil rights and environmental protection. The Ameri cans with Disabilities bring of 1990, for example, shows how federalism has changed and how mandates exact augmented the regulation of state and local governments actions.Mandates created a new form of a check on state governmental activities. Mandates increased federal supremacy because they were mandatory. They take the form of regulatory statutes. The Americans with Disabilities spot of 1990, for instance, required that businesses and state and local governments provide the incapacitate with equal access to services, transportation systems, employment, and buildings. In enacting this mandate, the federal governments objective was to create equality and see what the states did with federal funds by imposing costs. State or local governments may not discriminate against qualified individuals with disabilities. All government facilities, services, and communication theory must be accessible consistent with the requirements of Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act of 1973. Indi viduals may file complaints with federal agencies to be designated by the U.S. Attorney frequent or bring private lawsuits.The ADA helped to change federalism because it had a peachy impact on state and local government budget priorities. Because the Americans with Disabilities Act did not specify what its definition of equal access was, the states had no idea as to what this mandate would cost. It provided no outline for how the mandate was to be administered, nor did it provide dependable estimates on how much it could possibly cost to employ. The mandates provided the disabled with equality, preventing discrimination, at a fairly high cost. Since the states were not certain near the definition of equal access, they had to facilitate services, building equipment on buses, ramps in buildings etcetera Theres no doubt that mandates have an impact on state and local budget priorities.By trying to meet the cost of the ADA, states had to shift their attention from other project s, which were perhaps more important (maybe because of the lower-ranking number of disabled in the area). State governments had to make mandates a priority because they were federal commands that had to be obeyed. Thus, mandates not only increased involvement amidst the states and the federal government (federal-state transaction), but they also nationalized the government more. Mandates allowed the states to spend with admiration to important matters. States obey the mandates and by doing so they create legislation that benefits the people. By having mandates, the federal government prevents the states from misspending federal money.The potential consequences of removing the Americans with Disabilities Act would have capacious effects on federalism. If the mandate were removed, the federal government wouldnt have as much power to control how federal money was spent. States wouldnt be pressured into passing legislation that benefit a certain group. In addition, those who benefi ted from the mandate, the disabled, would not be treated equally since there would no yearlong be handicap access in public places. The removal of mandates affects the federal-state relations in that it decentralizes the government more and diminishes whatever authority the federal government has over the state government.Federalism has in fact changed over the past twenty-five years. It has become more complex, creating things like mandates, which control state actions. Mandates changed federalism, perhaps for the better. Because of the federal demands, states and federal government had to work together in order to protect certain rights and meet the needs of the people. Public policies became more nationalized as a result of mandates. They had an impact on the devolution revolution, which for some time had shifted responsibilities to the states , giving them more power and involvement in policies. However, with mandates, the power was shifted back the federal government, the supreme.BibliographyWilson American Governmenthttp//www.icanonline.net/news/fullpage.cfm/articleid/6CAEB15E-3A1A-4743-8BCCD55D82731B98/cx/issues.stay_informed/article.cfm

East African Breweries – Analysis of It’s Business & Financial Performance

Brief political party overview Established in 1922 and with its headquarter in Nairobi- Kenya, East African Breweries Ltd. (EABL) is aleading branded alcohol manufacturing caller-out in the East African region engaged in the marketing,brewing and selling of lush and non- alcoholic drinks as well as the manufacturing of glass containers. Majority cede by Diageo, it consists of a number of subsidiaries. 1 1. 2. Research rationale.Comp bed to their counterparts in the authentic world, little research has been carried out on organizationsthat operate in African countries as these argon seen as lacking the management capacity or fiscal resourceseither to compete with larger organizations in the developed world or to interest international investors. However the events of the last two years, which have seen investors regress millions of dollars in theirinvestments due to the collapse of the international financial markets, have change magnitude the need forinternational investor s to diversify their portfolios into regions hitherto considered unimportant.By carryingout a critical moving in and financial evaluation of the performance of a typical large African organization, thisreport attempts to sidle up the missed opportunities that may remain untapped in emerging markets. With annual revenues of KES 21 billion (US$ 285 million), KES 26 billion (US$ 367 million) and KES 32 1The subsidiaries include Kenya Breweries Ltd. , Uganda Breweries Ltd. , Kenya Maltings, UDV Kenya and CentralGlass Industries. The company also holds a 20% stake in Tanzania Breweries Ltd. (EABL, 2008a p. 5) 2 2009 PK Mwangi orbiculate Consultingbillion (US$ 479 million)2in FY06, FY07 and FY08 respectively and an adherence to internationalaccounting and audit standards i. e. IFRSs and ISAs respectively, thiscompany3may represent a well managed company with growing profitability and investment potential. Thisreport attempts to establish this by analyzing its business and financial performance over a three year period. To assist in the analysis of EABLs performance the average exchange rate overriding in the three years understudy are as follows remand 1 Foreign exchange rates.Average annual exchange rate schedule YearUS Dollars (USD) Kenya Shillings (KES)2006 1 73. 738702007 1 70. 8073320081 66. 83044 Source Oanda (2009) 1. 3. Research objective and question. This research delves into both the business and financial performance of EABL with an aim to identify themajor business elements that are key to its performance. It goes further to look at how these business factorshave impacted on the financial performance of the company. It is difficult to separate the financial performance of a company from its wider business environment andhence the business and financial performance of a company are closely interlinked.Decisions made at thecorporate and/ or business level impact directly on companys financial performance. Where corporatestrategy aims to grow the company through acquisition of competitor firms, this will have a direct impact onprofitability and profitability indicators. Increased sales in new markets will lead to bigger profits andmargins where costs are well managed. 1. 4. Research approach. Drawing primarily on secondary sources of training (accounting books, annual reports, academicjournals, newspaper articles, etc) this research sought to analyze both decimal data and qualitative

Spontaneous Generation and Cell Theory

Spontaneous times and mobile phone Theory 1. Tradition thought is very hard to overcome- in date with solid evidence to support b be-ass ideas * Social pressure has ready on acceptance of scientific ideas and technological advancements * Science is a lineageerly/political enterprise * New ideas often met with resistance * Sometimes ostracisms, persecution, conclusion * Microscope helped to overturn whatever strange ideas * Disease processes * oral extension Attitudes and sk strickens of scientific inquiry (questioning, predicting, observing and recording) be necessitate to provide unbiased and actual info * Investigations must follow ethical guidelines and results must be duplicatable under controlled conditions * Example of way that science, technology and society are joined is found in victimization of the current understanding of the way vivification jail stalls function * Microscope provided technology to explore the world of microscopic particles and organis ms * Then affirmable to obtain evidence for or against generally sure opinions or theories more or less life sentence thingsSpontaneous Generation 2. Believed that look can emerge from non-living matter 3. A superstition- people unaware of microscopic forms of aliveness * e. g. mice created from mixing wheat husks with sweaty undergarments * Maggots and fly emerge spontaneously from raw snapper * Francesco Redi * Example of scientific system * Believed flies located eggs on meat * Experiment to base hypothesis Limited access to meat ( origin, no fresh air, flies, no flies) 4. Idea that life could emerge spontaneously from non-living matter = widely accepted from time of the Romans by means of to the 19th century * Even in time of Robert Hooke and Antoni van Leeuwenhoek * Believed that to produce mice, you put a sweaty underwear and husks of wheat in an exculpated jar and after 21 days, the sweat and husks would combine and transmit the husks into mice 5. 668, Francesco Redi (Italian physician and poet) questioned belief that maggots appeared from raw meat * He believed that flies laid their eggs in the meat * Set up test to tryout his hypothesis * Set out flaskfuls containing raw meat but some were sealed, some were covered in gauze and some were open to the air * Controlled the access of flies to the meat * Maggots were found only in the flasks that were open and accessible to flies to lay their eggs * Despite evidence, idea of spontaneous generation still thrived 6.John Needham (proving that living things could be produced from non-living matter) boiled chicken broth and put it in a flask and sealed it * Everyone accepted that change state killed micro-organisms since boiling was a common method of removing substances that would make one ill * However, in his experiment, micro-organisms continue to appear * Suggested that there was a life tug that produced spontaneous generation 7.Lazzaro Spallanzani (Italian priest) claimed that there were micro-organisms in the air that were responsible for the new product * Re-did Needhams experiment but drew off the air in the flask, nothing grew in the remaining broth * Critics suggested that all Spallanzani had shown was that air was required for spontaneous generation to occur * Spontaneous generation theory continued to be accepted 8. 859, French Academy of Sciences announced a compete for the best experiment to prove or disprove spontaneous generation * Louis Pasteur used the tend of Needham and Spallanzani with important change * Before boiling meat broth in flask, Pasteur heated the neck of the flask and bent it into an S shape * Air could reach the broth but micro-organisms and other particles would look at caught in the S- bend * Nothing grew in this broth but if the flask were tipped so that the broth reached the S-bend in the neck, moulds would later appear 9.Pasteur controlled his experiment in that he used the alike broth, same type of flasks and same light and te mperature conditions * Controlled variables (conditions that are held constant throughout an experiment) broth type, flasks type, light, temperature * Manipulated ariable (condition deliberately changed in an experiment) access of dust to the flask * Responding variable (condition that changes in response to the manipulated variable in an experiment) ability to grow mould in the broth * Had data-based control, a part of the experiment which the manipulated variable is not changed in both way from its commonplace condition * Flask in which dust had normal access to the broth after boiling * Result moulds occurred * Experiment discussion Prevent the access of dust to the broth, resulting in evidence of no growth of mould * To allow access of dust to the broth very briefly, resulting in evidence of mould growth * Strong evidence that says that spontaneous generation doesnt occur, but also that micro-organisms are found in the air * His work opened new doors to microbiology, immunol ogy, biochemistry and gave credibility and new importance to the processes of conducting controlled experiments, maintaining detailed records of observations, and connecting results to conclusionsThe Cell Theory 10. Importance of cell as the functional unit of life was recognized with the improvements in lens technology and increased number of observations make by scientists in several countries 11. 1833, Robert Brown identified an important cell structure, the nucleus, in study of orchids * Saw an somber granular spot deep down the cell * Others had seen it too but he was the first to recognize at this cell structure must have something for cell function 12. 1838, M. J.Schleiden observe that all plants were composed of cells and he proposed that the nucleus was the structure responsible for the development of the remainder of the cell * Discussed his work with a friend (Theodor Schwann), who was studying zoology physiology * Schwann believed that there must be similarities btwn plant and animal tissue * When Schwann searched for opaque spots in animal tissue, he found structures that resembled the cells that botanists were studying in plant tissue and the nucleus structure that Brown and Schleiden had identified 13. 839, Schleiden and Schwann proposed the cell theory as a result of observations of plant and animal specimens through the microscopes * All plants and animals were composed of cells and that the cell was the basic unit of all organisms 14. 1859, cell theory was further extended by Rudolf Virchows statement that all cells swipe only from pre-existing cells Cell Theory 15. All living things are made up of one of more cells and the materials produced by these cells 16. All life functions take place in cells, making them the smallest unit of life 17.All cells are produced from pre-existing cells through the process of cell division 18. Applies to all living things regardless of size, shape or number of cells involved * Subcellular particles (virus es and prions) fall into division that is neither living nor non-living although they may exhibit certain characteristics of living cells 19. conclusion in support of cell theory came from Pasteurs experiment to investigate the theory of spontaneous generation in micro-organisms * Cell theory has become the origination of the study of biology

Reality of School Violence in US

On January 18, 1993, Scott Pennington, a cardinal year-old student from Kentucky, shot and killed his East Carter High School teacher Deanna McDavid and janitor Marvin Hicks, and consequently held his twenty-two classmates at gunpoint for close to fifteen minutes. On family line 15, 1995, Daniel Watson, eighteen, was charged with unmatchable count of kidnapping, two counts of unlawful possession of a weapon on condition property, and fifteen counts of first degree endangerment by and by holding a swearing student at gunpoint at his high coach.Watson had been in a fight before work, and then went kinsfolk and returned with two handguns. In November of 1996, Drew Golden, 11, and Mitchell Johnson, 13, opened fire on their fellow students and teachers in Jonesboro, Arkansas, killing four students and an English teacher. Is this what should be happening in Americas schools? Should students have to be more(prenominal) concerned with their safety, quite a than obtaining a good rearing? Incidences similar to the ones just described breathe every year in school systems across the country.According to the bailiwick Center for breeding Statistics, fifty-seven portion of public elementary and secondary school principals reported that one or more incidents of crime/ frenzy occurred in their schools during the 1996-1997 school year. The center in like manner reported that ten percent of all public schools experienced one or more unsafe violent crimes (defined as murder, rape, or other type of sexual battery, suicide, material attack or fight with a weapon, or robbery) during the 1996-1997 school year. somatogenetic attacks or fights led the list of reported crimes in public schools, with about 190,000 reported incidences in 1996-1997.Schools should be places where the objective is to give students the skills and knowledge to overhaul them with their future they should not be havens for violent acts. Something obviously needs to be done to decrease and hopefully one day eliminate force out in Americas school systems. There have been legion(predicate) proposals made to help the business, simply there still has not been a significant improvement in the problem nationwide. Several recent reports-one by the American Psychological Association and another by the National Education Association-show a dramatic increase in the incidence of school madness.It is passing play to take a team effort by the governance, communities and the schools to help recoil personnel in Americas school systems. The government has move to address the issue of school violence. In 1994, President Bill Clinton sign-language(a) the Gun-Free School Act, mandating a one-year expulsion for students who bring weapons to school. The Act also promoted the zero tolerance for weapons policies of some states and school districts. Currently, the federal government and some states also make funds available for prevention activities through anti-crime and educat ion legislation.This year, coin was allotted in the federal budget for the hiring of more teachers in the schools. Although the government has personate some effort into helping the schools, is it enough? The problem of violence of schools is often overlooked by the government and instead more emphasis is put on political scandals, foreign policy, and welfargon. It seems unfair for the students who veneration going to school each day that the government concentrates more on the private relations of the president and the status of people from other countries, than on the future of its own citizens.The government needs to grant more money for the improvement of schools, both externally and internally. This money needs to be put toward the hiring of more teachers, violence prevention programs in the schools, and improvements on the school buildings. The government also should be monitoring the schools use of the zero tolerance policies, make sure that they are strictly enforced in every school across the country. The second ingredient to solving the problem of violence in schools is community initiatives.An grand one is providing an assortment of out-of-school programs to students. It is definitive that these programs advance youth constructively engaged when their families are unavailable, and provide them with attention from fondness adults and good grapheme models. They also need to encourage teamwork, heed, and positive individual(prenominal) relationships. These programs keep kids out-of-door from negative influences on the street and in the media. dower youth find employment in the community is another important way for communities to help build the self-esteem and sense of responsibility among adolescents.Having a job also helps youth appreciate how important staying in school is to their future career plans. The most important element to the solution of violence in schools is the improvement surrounding the actual schools. The first key is to lower violence through personalization. Overcrowded schools and classes hurt both the educators efforts to know their students and students efforts to know one another. The result from this is often misunderstanding, frustration, and increasingly, violence. Smaller classes can enable schools to become communities in which students know and value one another as individuals.They would also exit educators to form steady caring relationships with the students most likely to start or suffer from physical and psychological violence. School violence frequently results from conflicts that are inappropriately managed and therefore intensify. Conflict resolution programs should be offered in schools to both students and educators to give them skills to effectively and constructively handle the controversies that naturally arise in learning environments. Schools should also promote the development of good character.The missing tack on in violence prevention programs is character development though the skills of empathy and self-discipline, save up character education experts Diane G. Berreth and Sheldon Berman. Without these skills, we run the risk of schools becoming locked-down and oppressive institutions built around fear rather than responsiveness. Teachers also play an essential role in dealing with school violence. Studies have shown that children consistently admire and respect those teachers that are strict in setting high standards for behavior and pedantic performance, and who demonstrate a personal interest in their students.It is also important that teachers follow strict codes of give throughout the whole school. This code of conduct should be shared with the students, and should not be altered by the teachers. Students should never have the feeling that they might be able to get away with something, because a teacher rarely enforces the rules. It is with longing that teachers remember the days when debauched behavior in school meant running in the halls, throwing spitballs and pulling ponytails. Today, the troubled behavior is much more frightening.It takes the shape of brutal beatings, stabbings, and shootings. Youth violence disrupts schools and is taking its toll on students, teachers, parents, and communities. Youth violence is threatening the undefiled structure of public education. The issue of school violence needs to be attended to quickly. This problem cannot be solved by the efforts of one force, but rather it will take the teamwork of the government, communities, and the schools to help reduce the violence. If policies such as the ones described are not implemented, students will continue going to school in fear.