How Time Flies

no.-goernmental composition From Wikipedia, the free encyclopaedia Jump to navigation, search non political sympathiesal nerve redirects here. For separate uses, see nonpolitical recognitional judicature (disambiguation). This obligate whitethorn blackguard for to be rewritten entirely to comply with Wikipedias quality standards. You groundwork help. The discussion page may contain suggestions. (January 2012) A non- regimenal organization (nong everywherenmental organization) is a take aimheadedly constituted organization composed by natural or legal persons that operates freelancerly from entirely sort of government.The stipulation originated from the linked Nations (UN), and is normally employ to refer to organizations that ar non a part of the government and be not conventional for- utility business. In the faux pass in which nongovernmental organizations argon funded totally or partially by governments, the nongovernmental organization signifi stackt tains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from affectionate rank in the organization. The term is unremarkably applied only to organizations that pursue wider social aims that pay political aspects, solely argon not openly political organizations such as political parties. The derive of nongovernmental organizations operating in the linked States is seed at 40,000. 1 be afteretary numbers ar even higher Russia has 277,000 nongovernmental organizations2 India is estimated to decl be approximately 3. 3 gazillion NGOs in year 2009, which is just over one NGO per 400 Indians, and umteen times the number of principal(a) schools and principal(a) wellness centres in India. 34 Contents * 1 Definition * 2 Types * 2. 1 ripening, milieu and clement Rights NGOs * 2. 2 get through II statecraft * 3 Activities * 3. 1 working(a) * 3. 2 Campaigning * 3. 3 twain * 3. 4 overt relations * 3. 5 invent management * 4 Corporate structure * 4. 1 St affing * 4. gunstocking * 4. 3 Overhead be * 4. 4 Monitoring and control * 5 History * 6 juristic status * 7 Critiques * 7. 1 Challenges to authenticity * 8 See in addition * 9 References * 10 Further learning * 11 outdoor(a) links Definition NGOs argon difficult to define and classify, and the term NGO is not employ consistently. As a resolving power, there be many different classifications in use. The just roughly car park use a framework that includes orientation and level of operation. An NGOs orientation refers to the type of activities it takes on. These activities expertness include humane salutarys, environmental, or evelopment work. An NGOs level of operation indicates the outperform at which an organization works, such as local, supranational or national. Confronting the Classification Problem Toward a Taxonomy of NGOs One of the earliest mentions of the acronym NGO was in 1945, when the UN was created. The UN, which is an inter-governmental organization, made it possible for beginningitative approved specialized supranational non-state agencies or non-governmental organisations to be awarded observer status at its assemblies and few of its meetings. later(prenominal) the term became used more(prenominal) widely.Today, according to the UN, any kind of closed-door organization that is independent from government control faeces be termed an NGO, caterd it is not-profit, non-criminal and not scarce an opposition political party. Professor son of a bitch Willetts, from the University of London, argues the comment of NGOs burn down be interpreted differently by various organizations and depending on a situations context. He defines an NGO as an independent volunteer(prenominal) association of heap acting together on a continuous root word for some third estate settle other than achieving government office, making money or illegal activities. 5 In this view, two main types of NGOs ar recognize according to the activi ties they pursue operating(a) NGOs that deliver function and electioneering NGOs. Although Willetts proposes the operational and campaigning NGOs as a slit to break up the main activities of these organizations, he as well explains that a single NGO may often be engaged in both activities. Many NGOs too see them as usually reinforcing. Professor Akira Iriye defines NGO as a voluntary nonstate, not-for-profit, non apparitional, and nonmilitary association. 6 Types nearly find it helpful to classify NGOs by orientation and/ Professional association * Empowering orientation NGO type by level of co-operation * Community-based organization * City-wide organization * subject ara NGO * outside(a) NGO Apart from NGO, there argon many alternative or convergencyping terms in use, including third orbit organization (TSO), non-profit organization (NPO), voluntary organization (VO), accomplished society organization (CSO), grassroots organization (GO), social movement organization (SMO), mysterious voluntary organization (PVO), self-help organization (SHO) and non-state actors (NSAs).Non-governmental organizations atomic number 18 a heterogeneous group. As a result, a yearn (and sometimes confusing or comical) list of additional acronyms has developed, including * BINGO, piddling for business-friendly multinational NGO or big foreign NGO * TANGO, technical assistance NGO * TSO, third sector organization * GONGO, government-operated NGOs (set up by governments to look uniform NGOs in order to cast world-wide for outside aid or promote the resides of government) * DONGO Donor Organized NGO INGO stands for international NGO Oxfam, INSPAD,7 Institute of serenity and Development A European Think Tank For Peace Initiatives * QUANGOs ar quasi-autonomous non-governmental organizations, such as the multinational cheek for Standardization (ISO). (The ISO is actually not slightly an NGO, since its social rank is by nation, and each nation is represent ed by what the ISO Council determines to be the most broadly representative standardization body of a nation.That body mogul itself be a nongovernmental organization for example, the United States is represented in ISO by the Ameri kindle National Standards Institute, which is independent of the federal government. However, other countries can be represented by national governmental agencies this is the trend in Europe. ) * National NGO A non-governmental organization that exists only in one sylvan. This term is rare delinquent to the orbicularization of non-governmental organizations, which forms an NGO to exist in more than one country. 5 * CSO, un competent for civil society organization ENGO short for environmental NGO, such as Greenpeace and WWF * NNGO, short for Yankee nongovernmental organization * SNGO, short for entropyern nongovernmental organization * SCO, in any case k right awayn as social convince organizations * TNGO, multinational NGO The term emerged du ring the 1970s collect to the ontogeny of environmental and economic issues in the world(prenominal) community. TNGO includes non-governmental organizations that are not confined to only one country, but exist in two or more countries. * GSO Grassroots Support giving medication * MANGO short for market advocacy NGO NGDO non-governmental training organization USAID refers to NGOs as private voluntary organizations. However, many scholars break argued that this definition is extremely problematic as many NGOs are in fact state and bodied funded and managed attends with maestro faculty. citation needed NGOs exist for a variety of reasons, usually to further the political or social goals of their members or f infras. Examples include improving the state of the natural environment, load-bearing(a) the observance of human rights, improving the welfare of the disadvantaged, or representing a corporate agendum.However, there are a huge number of such organizations and their goa ls go a broad hurtle of political and philosophical positions. This can as well as easily be applied to private schools and athletic organizations. Development, milieu and human race Rights NGOs NGOs are organizations that work in many different electron orbits, but the term is globally associated with those seeking social transformation and improvements in quality of life. Development NGOs is the most highly visible sector, and includes both international and local organizations, as well as those working in human-centered emergency sector.Many are associated with international aid and voluntary donation, but there are in any case NGOs that choose not to take property from presenters and try to generate support in other ways, such as selling handicrafts or charging for operates. environmental NGOs are another sub-sector, and sometimes overlap with development NGOs. An example is Greenpeace. (see be given of environmental NGOs). Just same(p) other NGOs networks, transna tional environmental networks top executive acquire a variety of benefits in sharing info with other organizations, campaigning towards an issue, and exchanging contact information.Since multinational environmental NGOs p break awayer for different issues resembling in the public eye(predicate) goods, such as pollution in the air, deforestation of areas and urine issues, it is more difficult for them to give their campaigns a human face than NGOs campaigning directly for human rights issues. Some of the earliest forms of transnational environmental NGOs started to erupt after the Second human War with the mankind of the international coalition for the Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources (IUCN).After the UN was formed in 1945, more environmental NGO started to emerge in order to address more proper(postnominal) environmental issues. In 1946, the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) was created with the purpose of advocating and represen ting scientific issues and quislingism among environmental NGOs. In 1969, the Scientific Committee on Problems of the Environment (SCOPE) was funded to increase and improve collaboration among environmentalists. This collaboration was later reinforced and stimulated with the creation of UNESCOs Man and the Biosphere Program in 1971.In 1972, the UN Conference on the Human Environment in Stockholm, tried to address the issues on Swedens plead for international intervention on trans-boundary pollution from other European industrialized nations. Transnational environmental NGOs digest taken on diverse issues around the globe, but one of the best-known cases involving the work of environmental NGOs can be traced infrapin to Brazil during the 1980s. The United States got twisting with deforestation concerns due to the allegations of environmentalists dictating deforestation to be a global concern, and after 1977 the U.S. Foreign tending Act added an Environmental and Natural Resourc es section. Human rights NGOs may also overlap with those in development, but are another distinct category. Amnesty internationalist is perhaps one of the best-known. During the early 1980s the Brazilian government created the Polonoreste develop program, which the beingness Bank agreed to finance. The Polonoreste program aimed to urbanized areas of the amazon, which were already diligent by local indigenous groups. rapid deforestation in the Brazilian Amazon called the attention and intervention of UNESCO, who utilized its Program on Man and the Biosphere to advocate against the Polonoreste program, on the grounds of violating the rights of the indigenous groups living in the Amazon. In the case of deforestation of the Brazilian Amazon, the environment NGOs were able to put pressure on the knowledge base Bank to cancel the loans for the Polonoreste program. Due to the leverage that the U. S. has over the bank, in 1985 the ground Bank suspended the financial aid to the Polo noreste Program.The work of environmental NGOs in the Brazilian case was successful because there was a register of leverage that made the targeted actor vulnerable to international pressure. 8 Even though NGOs might nurture common goals relating to development or environment issues, interests and perspectives are diverse. A distinction can be made amongst the interests and goals among those NGOs laid in industrialized countriesoften referred to as the states of the Northand NGOs from nations located in exploitation countriesreferred to as states of the South. at that place is sometimes tension surrounded by them. southerly states consign the developed nations for over-consumption and pollution resulting from industrialization, and for sustaining inequalities in the international economic formation There is also a distinction among groups that take on particular and ad hoc socio-economic issues. The Womens Environment and Development Organization was created in 1990 with th e purpose to advocate for gender inclusion in work related to the mankind Summit.Other groups might focus on issues that include racial minorities and individuals from lower income backgrounds. 9 cutting off II Diplomacy Main article Track II airiness Track II dialogue, or Track II diplomacy, is a transnational coordination that involves non- authoritative members of the government including epistemic communities as well as former insurance-makers or analysts. Track II diplomacy aims to get policymakers and policy analysts to come to a common solution through discussions by unofficial figures of the government.Unlike the Track I diplomacy where government officials, diplomats and elected leaders gather to talk about veritable issues, Track II diplomacy consists of experts, scientists, professors and other figures that are not involved in government affairs. The members of Track II diplomacy usually hand more freedom to exchange ideas and come up with compromise on their own. Ac tivities There are also numerous classifications of NGOs. The typology the creation Bank uses divides them into running(a) and Advocacy10 NGOs vary in their methods.Some act primarily as lobbyists, maculation others primarily conduct programs and activities. For instance, an NGO such as Oxfam, concerned with pauperization alleviation, might provide needy people with the equipment and adroitnesss to find food and reasonably drinking water, whereas an NGO like the FFDA helps through investigation and documentation of human rights violations and provides legal assistance to victims of human rights abuses. Others, such as Afghanistan Information way Services, provide specialized technical products and services to support development activities employ on the ground by other organizations.NGOs were intended to fill a gap in government services, but in countries like India, NGOs are gaining a powerful stronghold in decision making. In the interest of sustainability, most donors req uire that NGOs demonstrate a family relationship with governments. State Governments themselves are vulnerable because they lack strategic planning and vision. They are therefore sometimes tightly bound by a nexus of NGOs, political bodies, commercialised organizations and major donors/funders, making decisions that have short term outputs but no long term affect.NGOs in India are under rankd, political, and recipients of large government and international donor cash in hand. NGOs often take up responsibilities outside their skill ambit. Governments have no access to the number of projects or sum total of sustenance received by these NGOs. There is a pressing need to regulate this group art object not curtailing their unique role as a supplement to government services. Operational Operational NGOs seek to achieve secondary scale change directly through projects. 5 They mobilize financial resources, materials and volunteers to create localized programs in the field.They hold large scale fundraising events, apply to governments and organizations for grants and contracts in order to raise money for projects. They often operate in a hierarchical structure with a main headquarters catered by professionals who plan projects, create budgets, keep accounts, report, and communicate with operational fieldworkers who work directly on projects5 Operational NGOs deal with a wide range of issues, but are most often associated with the delivery of services and welfare, emergency championship and environmental issues.Operational NGOs can be further categorized, one frequently used compartmentalization is the division into relief-oriented versus development-oriented organizations they can also be classified according to whether they tenseness service delivery or participation or whether they are religious or secular and whether they are more public or private-oriented. Operational NGOs can be community-based, national or international. The specify activity of operat ional NGOs is implementing projects. 5 Campaigning Campaigning NGOs seek to achieve large scale change promoted indirectly through influence of the political system. 5 Campaigning NGOs need an efficacious and effective group of professional members who are able to keep supporters informed, and motivated. They essential(prenominal) plan and host demonstrations and events that forget keep their cause in the media. They must maintain a large informed network of supporters who can be mobilized for events to garner media attention and influence policy changes. The defining activity of campaigning NGOs is holding demonstrations. 5 Campaigning NGOs often deal with issues relating to human rights, womens rights, childrens rights. The first purpose of an Advocacy NGO is to defend or promote a particular(prenominal) cause.As opposed to operational project management, these organizations typically try to raise awareness, bankers acceptance and knowledge by lobbying, press work and activ ist event. Both It is not uncommon for NGOs to make use of both activities. Many times, operational NGOs will use campaigning techniques if they continually face the same issues in the field that could be remedied through policy changes. At the same time, Campaigning NGOs, like human rights organizations often have programs that assist the individual victims they are act to help through their advocacy work. 5 Public relationsNon-governmental organizations need wellnessy relationships with the public to meet their goals. Foundations and charities use sophisticated public relations campaigns to raise funds and employ standard lobbying techniques with governments. Interest groups may be of political richness because of their ability to influence social and political outcomes. A code of moral philosophy was established in 2002 by The creative activity Association of Non Governmental NGOs. Project management There is an increasing awareness that management techniques are all importa nt(p) to project success in non-governmental organizations. 11 Generally, non-governmental organizations that are private have both a community or environmental focus. They address varieties of issues such as religion, emergency aid, or humanitarian affairs. They mobilize public support and voluntary contributions for aid they often have strong links with community groups in developing countries, and they often work in areas where government-to-government aid is not possible. NGOs are accepted as a part of the international relations landscape, and while they influence national and multilateral policy-making, increasingly they are more directly involved in local action. Corporate structureStaffing Some NGOs are highly professionalized and rely mainly on paid staff. Others are based around voluntary labour and are less formalized. Not all people working for non-governmental organizations are volunteers. Many NGOs are associated with the use of international staff working in develop ing countries, but there are many NGOs in both North and South who rely on local employees or volunteers. There is some dispute as to whether expatriates should be sent to developing countries. Frequently this type of personnel is employed to satisfy a donor who wants to see the supported project managed by someone from an industrialized country.However, the expertise these employees or volunteers may be counterbalanced by a number of factors the cost of foreigners is typically higher, they have no grassroot connections in the country they are sent to, and local expertise is often undervalued. 10 The NGO sector is an important employer in terms of numbers. citation needed For example, by the end of 1995, CONCERN adult malewide, an international Northern NGO working against poverty, employed 174 expatriates and just over 5,000 national staff working in ten developing countries in Africa and Asia, and in Haiti. FundingWhether the NGOs are small or large, various NGOs need budgets to operate. The amount of budget that they need would differ from NGOs to NGOs. Unlike small NGOs, large NGOs may have yearly budgets in the hundreds of millions or billions of dollars. For instance, the budget of the American Association of Retired Persons (AARP) was over US$540 million in 1999. 12 Funding such large budgets demands significant fundraising efforts on the part of most NGOs. Major sources of NGO financial backing are membership dues, the sale of goods and services, grants from international institutions or national governments, and private donations.Several EU-grants provide funds accessible to NGOs. Even though the term non-governmental organization implies independence from governments, many NGOs depend heavily on governments for their funding. 13 A quarter of the US$162 million income in 1998 of the famine-relief organization Oxfam was donated by the British government and the EU. The Christian relief and development organization dry land Vision United States coll ected US$55 million worth of goods in 1998 from the American government.Nobel Prize victor Medecins Sans Frontieres (MSF) (known in the USA as Doctors Without Borders) gets 46% of its income from government sources. 14 Government funding of NGOs is controversial, since, according to David Rieff, writing in The New Republic, the whole point of humanitarian intervention was precisely that NGOs and civil society had both a right and an obligation to respond with acts of aid and solidarity to people in need or being subjected to repression or want by the forces that controlled them, whatever the governments concerned might think about the matter. 15 Some NGOs, such as Greenpeace do not accept funding from governments or intergovernmental organizations. 1617 Overhead costs Overhead is the amount of money that is spent on running an NGO rather than on projects. 18 This includes office expenses,18 salaries, banking and bookkeeping costs. What percentage of overall budget is spent on stri ke is often used to judge an NGO with less than 10% being viewed as good. 18 The World Association of Non-Governmental Organizations states that ideally more than 80% should be spent on programs (less than 20% on overhead). 19 The orbicular Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria has specific guidelines on how high overhead can be to receive funding based on how the money is to be spent with overhead often needing to be less than 5-7%. 20 go the World Bank typically gives 10%. 21 A high percentage of overhead to total expenditures can make it more difficult to generate funds. 22 senior high overhead costs may also generate reflection with some claiming the certain NGOs with high overhead are being run simply to benefit the people working for them. 23 Monitoring and control In a March 2000 report on United Nations Reform priorities, former U.N. secretary General Kofi Annan wrote in favor of international humanitarian intervention, arguing that the international community h as a right to protect24 citizens of the orbit against ethnic cleansing, genocide, and crimes against humanity. On the heels of the report, the Canadian government launched the Responsibility to Protect R2P25 project, outlining the issue of humanitarian intervention. While the R2P doctrine has wide applications, among the more controversial has been the Canadian governments use of R2P to relinquish its intervention and support of the coup in Haiti. 26 Years after R2P, the World Federalist Movement, an organization which supports the creation of democratic global structures accountable to the citizens of the world and call for the division of international authority among separate agencies, has launched Responsibility to Protect benignant urbane Society (R2PCS). A collaboration between the WFM and the Canadian government, this project aims to bring NGOs into lockstep with the principles outlined under the original R2P project.The governments of the countries an NGO works or is re gistered in may require reporting or other observe and oversight. Funders generally require reporting and assessment, such information is not ineluctably publicly available. There may also be associations and watchdog organizations that enquiry and publish details on the actions of NGOs working in particular geographic or program areas. citation needed In recent years, many large corporations have increased their corporate social responsibility departments in an attempt to terminate NGO campaigns against certain corporate practices.As the logic goes, if corporations work with NGOs, NGOs will not work against corporations. In December 2007, The United States Department of Defense appurtenant Secretary of Defense (Health Affairs) S. Ward Casscells established an internationalistic Health stratum under burden Health Protection & Readiness. 27 Part of International Healths relegating is to communicate with NGOs in areas of mutual interest. Department of Defense Directive 3000. 0 5,28 in 2005, requires DoD to regard stability-enhancing activities as a mission of importance equal to combat.In compliance with international law, DoD has of necessity built a faculty to improve essential services in areas of conflict such as Iraq, where the customary lead agencies (State Department and USAID) find it difficult to operate. Unlike the co-optation strategy described for corporations, the OASD(HA) recognizes the neutrality of health as an essential service. International Health cultivates collaborative relationships with NGOs, albeit at arms-length, recognizing their traditional independence, expertise and honest broker status.While the goals of DoD and NGOs may seem incongruent, the DoDs emphasis on stability and protection to reduce and prevent conflict suggests, on concernful analysis, important mutual interests. History International non-governmental organizations have a fib dating back to at least 1839. 29 It has been estimated that by 1914, there were 1083 NGOs. 30 International NGOs were important in the anti-slavery movement and the movement for womens suffrage, and reached a peak at the time of the World Disarmament Conference. 31 However, the phrase non-governmental organization only came into popular use with the disposal of the United Nations Organization in 1945 with provisions in word 71 of Chapter 10 of the United Nations Charter32 for a consultative role for organizations which are neither governments nor member statessee Consultative Status. The definition of international NGO (INGO) is first of all given in resolution 288 (X) of ECOSOC on February 27, 1950 it is defined as any international organization that is not open uped by an international treaty.The resilient role of NGOs and other major groups in sustainable development was recognized in Chapter 2733 of Agenda 21, leading to intense arrangements for a consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. 34 It has been observ ed that the number of INGO founded or dissolved matches the general state of the world, rising in periods of growth and declining in periods of crisis. 35 Rapid development of the non-governmental sector occurred in western countries as a result of the processes of restructuring of the welfare state.Further globalization of that process occurred after the fall of the communist system and was an important part of the Washington consensus. 13 globalization during the 20th century gave summon to the importance of NGOs. Many problems could not be solved within a nation. International treaties and international organizations such as the World Trade Organization were centred mainly on the interests of capitalist enterp get ups. In an attempt to counterbalance this trend, NGOs have developed to emphasize humanitarian issues, developmental aid and sustainable development.A freehanded example of this is the World affectionate meeting place, which is a rival convention to the World Econo mic Forum held annually in January in Davos, Switzerland. The fifth World Social Forum in Porto Alegre, Brazil, in January 2005 was attended by representatives from more than 1,000 NGOs. 36 In terms of environmental issues and sustainable development, the Earth Summit in Rio in 1992 was the first to show the power of international NGOs, when about 2,400 representatives of NGOs came to spiel a central role in deliberations.Some have argued that in forums like these, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor. Whatever the case, NGO transnational networking is now extensive. 37 licit status The legal form of NGOs is diverse and depends upon homegrown variations in each countrys laws and practices. However, four main family groups of NGOs can be found worldwide38 * Unincorporated and voluntary association * Trusts, charities and foundations * Companies not just for profit Entities formed or registered under special NGO or noncommercial laws The Counci l of Europe in Strasbourg drafted the European conventionality on the Recognition of the Legal Personality of International Non-Governmental Organizations in 1986, which sets a common legal basis for the existence and work of NGOs in Europe. Article 11 of the European Convention on Human Rights protects the right to freedom of association, which is also a essential norm for NGOs. Critiques Stuart Becker provides the following summary of the primary critiques of NGOs Theres a debate that, NGOs take the place of what should belong to popular movements of the poor.Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racist manner in tierce World countries and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the colonial era. Philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics. 39 Issa G. Shivji is one of Africas leading experts on law and development issues as an author and academic. His critique on NGO s is found in two essays pipe downs in NGO discourse The role and future of NGOs in Africa and Reflections on NGOs in Tanzania What we are, what we are not and what we ought to be.Shivji argues that despite the good intentions of NGO leaders and activists, he is critical of the objective set up of actions, regardless of their intentions. 40 Shivji argues also that the sudden rise of NGOs are part of a neoliberal paradigm rather than pure altruistic motivations. He is critical of the current manifestations of NGOs wanting to change the world without understanding it, and that the imperial relationship continues today with the rise of NGOs. James Pfeiffer, in his case study of NGO involvement in Mozambique, speaks to the negative effects that NGOs have had on areas of health within the country.He argues that over the last decade, NGOs in Mozambique have fragmented the local health system, undermined local control of health programs, and contributed to growing local social dissimila rity 41 He notes further that NGOs can be uncoordinated, creating jibe projects among different organizations, that pull health service workers away from their routine duties in order to serve the interests of the NGOs. This ultimately undermines local primary health shell out efforts, and takes away the governments ability to maintain agency over their own health sector. 42 J. Pfeiffer suggested a new-sprung(prenominal) example of collaboration between the NGO and the DPS (the Mozambique Provincial Health Directorate). He mentioned the NGO should be formally held to standard and adherence within the host country, for example reduce showcase projects and parallel programs that proves to be unsustainable. 43 Jessica Mathews once wrote in Foreign Affairs in 1997 For all their strengths, NGOs are special interests. The best of them often suffer from tunnel vision, sagaciousness every public act by how it affects their particular interest. 44 Since NGOs do have to worry about poli cy trade-offs, the overall impact of their cause might bring more harm to society. 45 Vijay Prashad argues that from the 1970s The World Bank, under Robert McNamara, championed the NGO as an alternative to the state, leaving intact global and regional relations of power and production. 46 Others argue that NGOs are often imperialist47 in nature, that they sometimes operate in a racialized manner in third world countries, and that they fulfill a similar function to that of the clergy during the high colonial era.The philosopher Peter Hallward argues that they are an aristocratic form of politics. 48 Popular movements in the global South such as, for instance, the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign in South Africa have sometimes refused to work with NGOs arguing that this will compromise their autonomy. 4950 Another criticism of NGOs is that they are being designed and used as extensions of the normal foreign-policy instruments of certain Western countries and groups of countries. 51 Russian President Vladimir Putin made this accusation at the forty-third Munich Conference on Security Policy in 2007, concluding that these NGOs are formally independent but they are purposefully financed and therefore under control. 52 Also, Michael Bond wrote Most large NGOs, such as Oxfam, the Red Cross, Cafod and exertion Aid, are striving to make their aid provision more sustainable. only some, mostly in the US, are still exporting the ideologies of their backers. 53 Indeed, whether the NGOs are adiding for evangelistic purposes or their ideological intentions, various NGOs are examined and accused of their nature.There has also been the kindle disaster of NGOs using white lies or misinformed advise to enact their campaigns. In other words, NGOs have been quite ignorant about critical issues because, as chief scientist at Greenpeace Doug Parr claims, these organizations have lost their efforts in being trully scientific and are now more self-interested. Rather than opera ting through skill so as to be rationally and effectively practical, NGOs are now abusing the utilization of science in order to gain their own advantages.In the beginning, as Parr indicated, there was a tendency among our critics to say that science is the only decision-making tool . . . but political and commerical interests are using science as a cover for getting their way. 54 At the same time, NGOs have shown themselves not to be very cooperative with other groups, as the previous policy-maker for the German limb of Friends of the Earth Jens Katjek acknowledged. If NGOs want the best for the environment, he says, they have to learn to compromise. 55 Challenges to genuineness The issue of the legitimacy of NGOs raises a series of important misgivings.This is one of the most important assets possessed by an NGO, it is gained through a perception that they are an independent voice. 5657 Their representation also emerges as an important question. Who bestows responsibilities to NGOs or INGOs and how do they gain the representation of citizens and civil society is still not scrutinized thoroughly. For instance, in the article, it is stated, To put the point starkly are the citizens of countries of the South and their need represented in global civil society, or are citizens as well as their ineluctably constructed by practices of representation?And when we realize that INGOs just ever come face to face with the people whose interests and problems they represent, or that they are not accountable to the people they represent, matters become even more troublesome. 58 Moreover, the legitimacy and the accountability of NGOs on the point of their true nature are also emerging as important issues. Various perceptions and images on NGOs are provided, and usually implemented in an image as non-state actors or influential representatives of civil society that advocate the citizen. Accountability may be able to provide this and also be able to assist activities by providing focus and direction59 As non-state actors with considerable influence over the governance in many areas, concerns have been expressed over the extent to which they represent the views of the public and the extent to which they allow the public to hold them to account. 60 The origin of funding can have proficient implications for the legitimacy of NGOs. In recent decades NGOs have increased their numbers and range of activities to a level where they have become increasingly dependent on a limited number of donors. 60 Consequently competition has increased for funding, as have the expectations of the donors themselves. 61 This runs the risk of donors adding conditions which can threaten the independence of NGOs, an over-dependence on official aid has the potential to dilute the willingness of NGOs to speak out on issues which are unpopular with governments. 57 In these situations NGOs are being held accountable by their donors, which can erode rather than enhance their leg itimacy, a difficult challenge to overcome. Some commentators have also argued that the changes in where NGOs receive their funding has ultimately altered their functions. 57 NGOs have also been challenged on the grounds that they do not necessarily represent the needs of the developing world, through diminishing the so-called Southern Voice. Some postulate that the North-South division exists in the arena of NGOs. 62 They question the equality of the relationships between Northern and Southern parts of the same NGOs as well as the relationships between Southern and Northern NGOs working in partnerships. This suggests a division of labour may develop, with the North taking the lead in advocacy and resource mobilisation whilst the South engages in service delivery in the developing world. 62 The potential implications of this may mean that the needs of the developing world are not addressed appropriately as Northern NGOs do not properly consult or participate in partnerships. The re al danger in this situation is that western views may take the front seat and assign unrepresentative priorities. 63 The flood of NGOs has also been accused of damaging the public sector in multiple developing countries. The mismanagement of NGOs has resulted in the break down of public health care systems.Instead of promoting equity and alleviating poverty, NGOs have been under scrutiny for contributing to socioeconomic inequality and disempowering the services in the public sector of third world countries. 64 The scale and variety of activities in which NGOs participate has grown rapidly since the 1980s, witnessing particular working out in the 1990s. 65 This has presented NGOs with need to balance the pressures of centralisation and decentralisation. By centralising NGOs, particularly those that operate at an international level, they can assign a common theme or set of goals.Conversely it is also advantageous to decentralise as this increases the chances of an NGO behaving fle xibly and effectively to localised issues. 66 See also * philanthropic organization * Civil society * Community foundation * NGO-isation * Non-governmental organizations by country * Non-profit organization * Not just for profit * Occupational health and arctic * Track II diplomacy References 1. Anheier et al. , international Civil Society 2001, 2001 2. Hobbled NGOs suspicious of Medvedev. Chicago Tribune. May 7, 2008. 3. India More NGOs, than schools and health centres. OneWorld. net. July 7, 2010.Retrieved 2011-10-07. 4. First official estimate An NGO for every 400 people in India. The Indian Express. July 7, 2010. 5. a b c d e f g h Willetts, Peter. What is a Non-Governmental Organization? . UNESCO Encyclopaedia of Life Support Systems. City University London. Retrieved 18 July 2012. 6. Iriye, Akira (2004). globose community the role of international organizations in the making of the coeval world (1. paperback print. ed. ). Berkeley, Calif. u. a. Univ. of California Press. ISBN9780520231283. 7. inspad. org 8. Keck and Sikkink. Environmental Advocacy Networks.Books. google. com. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 9. McCormick, John. The Role of Environmental NGOs in International Regimes. Books. google. com. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 10. a b World Bank Criteria defining NGOdead link 11. 100 LSE. ac. uk, Mukasa, Sarah. Are expatriate staff necessary in international development NGOs? A case study of an international NGO in Uganda. Publication of the Centre for Civil Society at London take of Economics. 2002, p. 1113. 12. Poll shows power of AIPAC drops slightly. Jewish News periodic of Northern California. 1999-12-19. Retrieved 2007-06-25. 13. a b Pawel Zaleski Global Non-governmental Administrative System Geosociology of the terzetto Sector, in Gawin, Dariusz Glinski, Piotr ed. Civil Society in the Making, IFiS Publishers, Warszawa 2006 14. Intractable dispute Knowledge Base Project of the Conflict Research Consortium at the University of Colorado. dead link 15. NG-Uh-O The trouble with humanitarianism David Rieff, June 10, 2010, The New Republic 16. Sarah Jane Gilbert (2008-09-08). Harvard Business School, HBS Cases The comfort of Environmental Activists. Hbswk. hbs. edu. Retrieved 011-12-20. 17. Greenpeace, Annual Report 2008 (pdf) 18. a b c http//www. fundsforngos. org/budget-for-ngos/defining-terms-budget/ 19. principle of Ethics & Conduct for NGOs. Retrieved 11 April 2012. 20. National NGOs Serving as PRs Excluded from the Global Funds Policy on Percentage-Based Overhead Costs. 2012. 21. Kuby, Christopher Gibbs Claudia Fumo doubting Thomas (1999). Nongovernmental organizations in World Bank supported projects a review (2. ed. ed. ). Washington, D. C. World Bank. pp. 21. ISBN978-0-8213-4456-9. 22. Crowther, edited by Guler Aras, David (2010).NGOs and social responsibility (1st ed. ed. ). Bingley, UK Emerald. pp. 121. ISBN978-0-85724-295-2. 23. Kassahun, Samson (2004). Social capital for synergic partnership de velopment of poor localities in urban Ethiopia (1. Aufl. ed. ). Gottingen Cuvillier. pp. 153. ISBN978-3-86537-222-2. 24. 1dead link 25. 2dead linkPDF(434KB) 26. Engler, Fenton, Yves, Anthony (2005). Canada in Haiti Waging War on the miserable Majority. Vancouver, Winnipeg RED Publishing. p. 120. ISBN978-1-55266-168-0. Retrieved 2011-10-30. 27. OSD. mil 28. http//www. dtic. mil/whs/directives/corres/pdf/300005p. df 29. The Rise and Fall of Transnational Civil Society The Evolution of International Non-Governmental Organizations since 1839. By T. R. Davies City University London operative Paper. Steve Charnovitz, deuce Centuries of Participation NGOs and International giving medication, Michigan Journal of International Law, overwinter 1997. 30. Subcontracting Peace The Challenges of NGO Peacebuilding. Edited by Richmond, Oliver P. , and Carey, Henry F. Published by Ashgate, 2005. Page 21. 31. Davies, Thomas Richard (2007). The Possibilities of Transnational Activism the Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars.ISBN978-90-04-16258-7. 32. Charter of the United Nations Chapter Xdead link 33. United Nations Conference on Environment and Development. Agenda 21 Chapter 27 Strengthening the Role of Non-governmental Organizations Partners for Sustainable Development, Earth Summit, 1992. Habitat. igc. org. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 34. 1996/31. Consultative relationship between the United Nations and non-governmental organizations. Un. org. Retrieved 2011-12-20. 35. Boli, J. and Thomas, G. M. (1997) World Culture in the World Polity A century of International Non-Governmental Organization.American Sociological Review. pp. 177 36. Bartlett, Lauren (2005). NGO Update. Human Rights Brief 12 (3) 4445. 37. Stone, Diane. Transfer Agents and Global Networks in the Transnationalisation of Policy, Journal of European Public Policy. austiniskewl, 11(3) 2004 54566. 38. appointment B. Stillman (2007), Global Standard NGOs, Geneva Lulu, pp. 13-14. 39. S tuart Alan Becker (January 28, 2011). The definitive description of a non-government organisation. The Phnom Penh Post. Retrieved 2011-09-19. 40. Shivji, Issa G. (2007). Silence in NGO discourse the role and future of NGOs in Africa.Oxford, UK Fahamu. p. 84. ISBN978-0-9545637-5-2. 41. Pfeiffer, J. 2003. International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social scholarship & Medicine 56 (4)725. 42. Pfeiffer, J. 2003. International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social Science & Medicine 56 (4)725-738. 43. J. Pfeiffer. (2003). International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social Science & Medicine 56 (2003) 725-738 44. Jessica T.Mathews (Jan. Feb. , 1997). Power Shift. Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 2012-06-01. 45. Bond, M. (2000) The recoil against NGOs. Prospect (magazine). 46. Mother Teresa A Communist View, Vijay Prasha d, Australian Marxist Review, No. 40 August 1998 47. Abahlali baseMjondoloRethinking Public Participation from below, vituperative Dialogue, 2006 48. See his Damming the gorge (Verso, London, 2007. ) 49. Building unity in diversity Social movement activism in the Western Cape Anti-Eviction Campaign, Sophie Oldfield & Kristian Stokke, 2004 50. Ashraf Cassiem South African Resistance Against Evictions, Marlon Crump, Poor Magazine, 2009 51. NGO The Guise of Innocence, by Jenny OConnor, New Left Project, 2012 52. Putin, Vladimir (February 10, 2007). Speech and the spare-time activity Discussion at the Munich Conference on Security Policy (Speech). forty-third Munich Conference on Security Policy. Munich, Germany. Retrieved February 28, 2012. 53. Bond, Michael. The Backlash against NGOs. Prospect, April 2000, pp. 321. imprint 54. Bond, Michael. The Backlash against NGOs. Prospect, April 2000, pp. 323. Print 55. Bond, Michael. The Backlash against NGOs. Prospect, April 200, pp. 323. Print 56. Weber, N. and Christopherson, T. (2002) The influence of non-givernmental organisations on the creation of Natura 2000 during the European policy process. Forest policy and Economics. 4(1), pp. 1-12. 57. a b c Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (2002) NGO consummation and Accountability Introduction and Overview. In Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. , ed. 2002. The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. UK Earthscan Publications Ltd. Chapter 11. 58. Neera Chandhoke. (2005) How Global Is Global Civil Society? Journal of World-Systems Research, 11, 2, 2005, pp. 326-327. 59. Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (2002) Beyond the Magic hummer? Lessons and Conclusions. In Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. , ed. 2002. The Earthscan Reader on NGO Management. UK Earthscan Publications Ltd. Chapter 12. 60. a b Edwards, M. and Hulme, D. (1996) excessively Close for comfort? The impact of official aid on Non-Governmental Organisations. World Development. 24(6), pp. 961-973. 61. Ebrahim, A. (2003) Acco untability in practice Mechanisms for NGOs. World Development. 31(5), pp. 813-829. 62. a b Lindenberg, M. and Bryant, C. 2001) tone ending GlobalTransforming Relief and Development NGOs. Bloomfield Kumarian Press. 63. Jenkins, R. (2001) Corporate Codes of Conduct Self-Regulation in a Global Economy. Technology, Business and Society Programme Paper Number 2. United Nations Research Institute for Social Development. 64. Pfeiffer, J. 2003. International NGOs and primary health care in Mozambique the need for a new model of collaboration. Social Science Medicine 56(4)725-738. 65. Avina, J. (1993) The Evolutionary Life Cycles if Non-Governmental Development Organisations. Public Administration and Development. 13(5), pp. 53-474. 66. Anheier, H. and Themudo, N. (2002) Organisational forms of global civil society Implications of going global. In Anheier, H. Glasius, M. Kaldor, M, ed 2002. Further reading * Mark Butler, with Thulani Ndlazi, David Ntseng, Graham Philpott, and Nomus a Sokhela. NGO Practice and the Possibility of Freedom church service Land Programme, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa 2007 Churchland. co. zadead link * Olivier Berthoud, NGOs Somewhere between Compassion, Profitability and Solidarity Envio. org. ni, PDF Edinter. net Envio, Managua, 2001 * Terje Tvedt, 19982/2003 Angels of benignity or Development Diplomats.NGOs Foreign Aid, Oxford James Currey * Steve W. Witt, ed. Changing Roles of NGOs in the Creation, Storage, and airing of Information in Developing Countries (Saur, 2006). ISBN 3-598-22030-8 * Cox, P. N. Shams, G. C. Jahn, P. Erickson and P. Hicks. 2002. Building collaboration between NGOs and countrified research institutes. Cambodian Journal of Agriculture 6 1-8. IRRI. orgdead link * Ann Florini, ed. The Third Force The Rise of Transnational Civil Society (Carnegie Endowment for International Peace and Japan Center for International Exchange, 2001). Margaret Keck and Kathryn Sikkink. 1998. Activists Beyond Borders Advocacy Networks in International administration. Cornell University Press * Rodney Bruce Hall, and Biersteker, Thomas. The Emergence of Private Authority in Global Governance (Cambridge Studies in International Relations, 2003) * Dorthea Hilhorst, The Real World of NGOs dissertates, Diversity and Development, Zed Books, 2003 * Joan Roelofs, Foundations and Public Policy The Mask of Pluralism (Albany State University of New York Press, 2003). Ian Smillie, Minear, Larry, editors. The benignity of Nations Humanitarian reach in a Calculating World, Kumarian Press, 2004 * Simon Maxwell and Diane Stone. (eds) Global Knowledge Networks and International Development Bridges Across Boundaries (Routledge, 2005 I-xix 1-192). * Sidney Tarrow, The New Transnational Activism, New YorkCambridge University Press, 2005 * Thomas Ward, editor. Development, Social Justice, and Civil Society An Introduction to the Political Economy of NGOs, ne plus ultra House, 2005 * H. Teegen, 2003. International NGOs as Global Institutions Using Social Capital to electrical shock Multinational Enterprises and Governments, Journal of International Management. * Jennifer Brinkerhoff, Stephen C. Smith, and Hildy Teegen, NGOs and the Millennium Development Goals Citizen Action to tighten Poverty, Palgrave Macmillan, 2007. * S. Goonatilake. Recolonisation Foreign Funded NGOs in Sri Lanka, Sage Publications 2006. * Teegen, H. Doh, J. , Vachani, S. , 2004. The importance of nongovernmental organisation in global governance and value creation an international business research agenda in Journal of International Business Studies.Washington Vol. 35, Iss. 6. * K. Rodman, (1998). Think Globally, Punish topically Nonstate Actors, Multinational Corporations, and Human Rights Sanctions in Ethics in International Affairs, vol. 12. * Grant B. Stillman (2006), NGO Law and Governance a resource book, ADB Institute, Tokyo, ISBN 4-89974-013-1. More efficacious are regional histories and analyses of the experience of NGOs. Specific works (although this is by no means an exhaustive list) include * T. R. Davies, The Possibilities of Transnational Activism The Campaign for Disarmament between the Two World Wars, Brill, 2007.ISBN 3-598-22030-8 * H. Englund, Prisoners of Freedom Human Rights & the Africa Poor, University of California Press, 2006 * Carrie Meyer, The Economics and Politics of NGOs in Latin America, Praeger Publishers, July 30, 1999 * Chhandasi Pandya. 2006. Private Authority and Disaster Relief The Cases of Post-Tsunami Aceh and Nias. Critical Asian Studies. Vol. 38, No. 2. Pg. 298-308. Routledge Press Taylor & Francis Group * Maha Abdelrahman, Civil Society undetermined The Politics of NGOs in Egypt, The American University in Cairo Press, 2004.Al-Ahram Weekly has make a review of the book. * Sangeeta Kamat, Development hegemony NGOs and The State in India, Delhi, New York Oxford University Press, 2002 * Adama Sow, Chancen und Risiken von NGOs go Gewerkschaften in Guinea wahr end der Unruhen 2007 EPU Research Papers Issue 03/07, Stadtschlaining 2007 (German) * Lyal S. Sunga, Dilemmas facing INGOs in coalition-occupied Iraq, in Ethics in Action The Ethical Challenges of International Human Rights Nongovernmental Organizations, edited by Daniel A. Bell and Jean-Marc Coicaud, Cambridge Univ. and United Nations Univ.Press, 2007. * Lyal S. Sunga, NGO Involvement in International Human Rights Monitoring, International Human Rights Law and Non-Governmental Organizations (2005) 41-69. * Werker & Ahmed (2008) What do Non-Governmental Organizations do? * Steve Charnovitz, Two Centuries of Participation NGOs and International Governance, Michigan Journal of International Law, Vol. 18, winter 1997, at 183-286. * Abahlali baseMjondolo Rethinking Public Participation from Below, Critical Dialogue, 2006 * Akpan S. M (2010) Establishment of Non-Governmental Organizations (In Press). Edward A. L. turner (2010) Why Has the Number of International Non-Governmental Organi zations Exploded since 1960? , Cliodynamics, 1, (1). Retrieved from 3 * Eugene Fram & Vicki Brown, How Using the Corporate precedent Makes a Nonprofit Board More Effective & Efficient Third Edition (2011), Amazon Books, Create Space Books. The de facto reference resource for information and statistics on International NGOs (INGOs) and other transnational organisational forms is the Yearbook of International Organizations, produced by the Union of International Associations. David Lewis and Nazneen Kanji (2009) Non-Governmental Organizations and Development. New York Routledge. * Issa G. Shivji (2007) Silence in NGO Discourse The Role and Future of NGOs in Africa. Nairobi Fahamu. * Jens Steffek and Kristina Hahn (2010) Evaluating Transnational NGOs Legitimacy, Accountability, Representation. New York Palgrave, Macmillan. External links * NGO Search NGO/IGO google custom search locomotive engine built by the Govt Documents Round Table (GODORT) of the American Library Association. * interface journal special issue on NGOs * A brief history of Non-Governmental Organizations Historical Database of International NGOs * Duke University NGO Library * Global Policy Forum The site includes articles on a wide range of aspects of NGOs. * NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations * What is a Non-Governmental Organization? 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